The characterization of Polyphemus in Euripides’ "Cyclops"
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25187/codex.v8i1.33634Keywords:
Polyphemus, satyr play, Odyssey, Cyclops, Euripides, fairy tales, ogresAbstract
Polyphemus, one of the scariest and most dangerous monsters in Greek mythology, is a main character in Euripides’ satyr play Cyclops. Many elements of his characterization by Euripides are partially inspired by Book 9 of Homer’s Odyssey and resurface in other dark characters of Euripidean drama. Characteristics and influences from Euripides’ sophisticated Polyphemus might be found in literary and artistic works from 4th century BCE onwards. In our days, traces of Euripides’ cyclops may be recognized in some of the evil ogres of 17th century fairy tales.
References
ARROWSMITH, William. The Cyclops. In GRENE, David; LATTIMORE, Richard (ed.). Euripides I: Alcestis, The Medea, The Heracleidae, Hippolytis, The Cyclops, Heracles, Iphigenia in Tauris. New York: The Modern Library, 1956, p. 241 87.
ATHERTON, Catherine (ed.). Monsters and Monstrosity in Greek and Roman
Culture. Bari: Levante, 2002.
BLUNDELL, Mary W. Helping friends and harming enemies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
CHEVITARESE, André L. A caça na pólis ateniense nos Períodos Arcaico e Clássico. Phoînix, Rio de Janeiro, n. 8, 2002, p. 24 48.
BOULOUMIÉ, Arlette. O ogro na literatura. In BRUNEL, Pierre, Dicionário de mitos literários, 3ª ed. Trad. Carlos Sussekind, Jorge Laclette, Maria Thereza Rezende Costa, Vera Whately. Rio de Janeiro / Brasília: Jose Olympio / Ed. Universidade de Brasília, 2000 [original: 1988], p. 754-64.
BRANDÃO, Vanessa R. O agon de Odisseu e Polifemo no Ciclope de Eurípides: astúcia, vícios, sátiros e vinho. In: HAMAMÉ, Graciela N.; SCHAMUN, María Cecilia (ed.), Actas del VI Coloquio Internacional “ΑΓΩΝ, kkcompetencia y cooperación de la antigua Grecia a la actualidad - homenaje a Ana María González de Tobia”. La Plata: Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 2012, p. 668-75.
BRANDÃO, Vanessa R. Uma tradução dramática do Ciclope de Eurípides. Tese de Doutorado. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2017.
BRODEAU, Jean. Ioannis Brodaei Turonensis Annotationes doctiss. nunquam antea in lucem editae. In Euripides poeta Tragicorum princeps, in Latinum sermonem conversus, adiecto e regione textu Graeco: cum annotationibus et praefationibus in omnes eius Tragoedias: autore Gasparo Stiblino (...). Basel (Basileae): Ioannes Oporinus, 1562, passim.
BURNETT, Anne P. Catastrofe Survived. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
CHARRIÈRE, Georges. Du social au sacré dans les contes de Perrault. Revue de l'histoire des religions, v. 197, n. 2, 1980, p. 159 89.
CLARE, Ray. Representing monstrosity: Polyphemus in the Odyssey. In ATHERTON, Catherine (ed.), Monsters and Monstrosity in Greek and Roman Culture. Bari: Levante, 1998, p. 1-17.
DAVIES, Mark I. Asses and Rams: Dionysiac release in Aristophanes’ Wasps and Attic vase-painting. Métis, v. 5, n. 1-2, 1990, p. 169-83.
D’HUY, Julien. Polyphemus (Aa. Th. 1137), a phylogenetic reconstruction of a prehistoric tale. Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée, n. 1, 2013 (2014), p. 1-21.
DIGGLE, James. Cyclops. In _________, Euripidis Fabulae, v. 1. Oxford University Press, 1984, p. 1-29.
DUCHEMIN, Jacqueline. Le Cyclope d'Euripide. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1945.
FELTON, Debbie. Rejecting and Embracing the Monstrous in Ancient Greece and Rome. In MITTMAN, Asa S.; DENDLE, Peter J. (ed.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012, p. 103 31.
FERRANTE, Domenico. Il Ciclope di Euripide ed il IX dell'Odissea. Dioniso, Siracuse, v. 34, 1960, p. 165 81.
GEIDER, Thomas. Ogre, ogress. In HAASE, Donald, The Greenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales. Westport CT: Greenwood, 2008, p. 702-4.
GLENN, Justin. The Polyphemus Folktale and Homer's Kyklôpeia. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, v. 102, 1971, p. 133-181.
GLENN, Justin. The Polyphemus myth: its origin and interpretation. Greece & Rome, Cambridge, v. 25, n. 2, p. 141 55, 1978.
GREEN, Carin M.C. Hunting, Greek. In GAGARIN, Michael; FANTHAM, Elaine (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, v. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 41 2.
GRIMM, Wilhelm. Die Sage von Polyphem. Berlin: Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1857.
HAMILTON, Richard. Euripides’ Cyclopean Symposium. Phoenix, Toronto, v. 33, n. 4, 1979, p. 287 92.
HARRISON, Jane E. Myths of the Odyssey in art and literature. London: Rivingtons, 1882.
HEDREEN, Guy. Silens, Nymphs, and Maenads. London: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, London, v. 114, 1994, p. 47 69 (with plates).
HUET, Gédéon. Ogre dans le Conte du Graal de Chrétien de Troyes. Romania, Paris, v. 37, n. 146, 1908, p. 301 5.
HUNTER, Richard. Reading Homer: Euripides’ Cyclops. In _________, Critical moments in classical literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 53-77.
JANKO, Richard. Philodemus On Poems, Book 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
KATSOURIS, Andreas. Euripides’ Cyclops and Homer’s Odyssey: an interpretative comparison. Prometheus, Firenze, v. 23, n. 1, 1997, p. 1 24.
KONSTAN, David. An anthropology of Euripides Cyclops. Ramus, Victoria, v. 10, n. 1, 1981, p. 87 103.
KRUMEICH, Ralf. Archäologische Einleitung. In KRUMEICH, Ralf; PECHSTEIN, Nikolaus; SEIDENSTICKER, Bernd (ed.). Das griechische Satyrspiel. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1999, p. 41 73.
LANGDON, Susan. From Pasture to Polis: art in the Age of Homer. Columbia MO: University of Missouri Press, 1993.
LÓPEZ FÉREZ, Juan Antonio. El Cíclope de Eurípides: tradición e innovación literaria. Minerva: Revista de filología clásica, Valladolid, n. 1, 1987, p. 41 60.
MARSHALL, C.W. The sophisticated Cyclops. In HARRISON, George W.M. (ed.), Satyr Drama: Tragedy at play. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2005, p. 103 17.
MASQUERAY Paul. Le Cyclope d'Euripide et celui d'Homère. Revue des Études Anciennes, Bordeaux, v. 4, n. 3, 1902, p. 165 90.
MASTRONARDE, Donald J. The art of Euripides. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
MÉRIDIER, Louis. Le Cyclope. In _________, Euripide, Tragédies, t. 1: Le Cyclope, Alveste, Médée, Les Héraclides. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1926, p. 7 42.
MOMIGLIANO, Arnaldo. Rileggendo il Ciclope. Atene e Roma, Nuova Serie, v. 10, 1929, p. 154 60.
MURGATROYD, Paul. Mythical monsters in classical literature. London: Duckworth, 2007.
NAVARRE, Octave. Satyricum drama. In SAGLIO, Edmond; POTTIER, Edmond (ed.), Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, v. 4.2. Paris: Hachette, 1909, p. 1102-1106.
O’SULLIVAN, Patrick. Cyclops. In O’SULLIVAN, Patrick; COLLARD, Christopher, Euripides Cyclops and Major Fragments of Greek Satyric Drama. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013, p. 1 226.
O’SULLIVAN, Patrick. Cyclops. In MCCLURE, Laura K. (ed.), A companion to Euripides. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2017, p. 315 33.
O’SULLIVAN, Patrick. Of sophists, tyrants and Polyphemos: the nature of the beast in Euripides’ Cyclops. In HARRISON, George W.M. (ed.), Satyr Drama: Tragedy at Play. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2005, p. 119 59.
PALEY, Frederick A. Euripides, with na english commentary, vol. 3. London: Whittaker and Co. / George Bell, 1860.
PATIN, Henri. Études sur les tragiques grecs ou examen critique d'Eschyle, de Sophocle et d'Euripide, v. 3. Paris, Hachette, 1843a.
PATIN, Henri. Le drame satyrique chez les grecs. Paris: Revue des Deux Mondes, Nouvelle Série, v. 3, 1843b, p. 503-25.
POWER, Timothy. Kyklops Kitharoidos: dithyramb and nomos in play. In KOWALZIG, Barbara; WILSON, Peter (ed.), Dithyramb in context. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 237 56.
RIBEIRO JR., W.A. O poder do rei na tragédia de Eurípides. Letras Clássicas, São Paulo, v. 18, n. 2, p. 57 73, 2014.
RIBEIRO JR., Wilson A. Euristeu, drama satírico de Eurípides. Nuntius Antiquus, Belo Horizonte, v. 14, n. 1, p. 207 32, 2018.
RODRIGUES, Guilherme F. O Ciclope de Eurípides: estudo e tradução. Dissertação de Mestrado. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, 2016.
ROSEN, Ralph. Making Mockery: The Poetics of Ancient Satire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
ROSSIGNOL, Jean-Pierre. Dissertation sur le drame que les grecs appelaient satyrique. Thèse de Littérature. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1830.
SANSONE, David. The Bacchae as Satyr-Play? Illinois Classical Studies, Champaign IL, v. 3, p. 40 6, 1978.
SCHLOEMANN, Johan; KRUMEICH, Ralf. Aristias: Kyklops. In KRUMEICH, Ralf; PECHSTEIN, Nikolaus; SEIDENSTICKER, Bernd (ed.). Das griechische Satyrspiel. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1999, p. 218 21.
SEAFORD, Richard A.S. Cyclops of Euripides. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
SEIDENSTICKER, Bernd. Philologisch-literarische Einleitung. In KRUMEICH, Ralf; PECHSTEIN, Nikolaus; SEIDENSTICKER, Bernd (ed.). Das griechische Satyrspiel. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1999, p. 1 40.
SOMMERSTEIN, Alan H. Aristophanes - Wealth. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 2001.
SOMMERSTEIN, Alan H. Monsters, Ogres and Demons in Old Comedy. In ATHERTON, Catherine (ed.), Monsters and Monstrosity in Greek and Roman Culture. Bari: Levante, 2002, p. 19 40.
STOREY, Ian C. Fragments of Old Comedy, v. 1. Cambridge MA / London, Harvard University Press, 2011.
SUTTON, Dana F. A Handlist of Satyr Plays. Cambridge MA / London: Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, v. 78, 1974, p. 107-43.
TEHRANI, Jamshid J.; d'Huy, Julien. Phylogenetics meets folklore: bioinformatics approaches to the study of international folktales. In KENNA, Ralph; MCCARRON, Máirín; MCCARRON, Pádraig, Maths Meets Myths: Quantitative Approaches to Ancient Narratives. Basel: Springer, 2017, p. 91 114.
TOPPER, Kathryn. The Imagery of the Athenian Symposium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
TORRANCE, Isabelle. Metapoetry in Euripides. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
WEST, Martin L. Homerus Odyssea. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter, 2017.
WORMAN, Nancy. Gluttonous speechifying in Euripides’ Cyclops. In _________, Abusive Mouths in Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 121 52.
WETZEL, Wilfrid. De Euripidis fabula satyrica quae Cyclops inscribitur cum Homerico comparata exemplo. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965.
ZALEWSKA JURA, Hanna; KŁOSIŃSKA NACHIN, Agnieszka. The myth of the cyclops in Antiquity and in the spanish Golden Age. Collectanea philologica, Łódź, v. 17, 2014, p. 109 26.
ZANON, Camila A. Onde vivem os monstros: criaturas prodigiosas na poesia de Homero e Hesíodo. São Paulo: Humanitas / FAPESP, 2018.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
