Refashioning exempla: the paradigm of cruelty and inclemency in the Ovidian myth of exile

Authors

  • Cecilia Marcela Ugartemendía FFLCH-USP

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25187/codex.v8i2.37055

Keywords:

Ovidian exile, exempla, hyperbole, refutatio exemplorum

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to discuss the way in which Ovid builds paradigms of cruelty and inclemency that would replace known exempla, proposing those belonging to his exile as new examples and as new terms of comparison. First, I reflect on the use of the hyperbole trope during exile and its repercussion on the recourse to the refutatio exemplorum, through which Ovid dismisses known exempla to postulate instances of his situation in exile as new paradigms. Then, I analyze how Ovid presents his enemies, either his detractors or even Augustus, as crueler and more inclement than any other. For this, I turn to Tr. 3.11. 39-54, 5.1.53-54, 5.12.47-48, Pont. 2.9.44 and 3.5.42, from which I examine the figures of Busiris, Phalaris and Perillus as examples of cruelty. Finally, in conclusion, I reflect on the usefulness of exempla, which, far from being ineffective as models, offer the opportunity to manipulate the previous literary tradition by means of comparisons and refutationes. As consequence, Ovid proposes himself, and his situation, as authority.

Author Biography

Cecilia Marcela Ugartemendía, FFLCH-USP

Mestra e Doutoranda do PPG em Letras Clássicas da FFLC-USP

References

AMANN, M. Komik in den Tristien Ovids. Schweizerische Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft, Bd. 31, Basel: Schwabe, 2006.

ANDRÉ, J. Epistulae ex Ponto (Pontiques). Texte établi et traduit par J. ANDRÉ. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1977.

AUHAGEN, U. Rhetoric and Ovid. In: DOMINIK, W.; HALL, J. (ed.) A companion to Roman rhetoric. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007, pp. 413-424.

BAEZA ANGULO, E. Ovidio. Tristezas. Introducción, edición crítica y traducción. Madrid: Alma Mater, 2005.

BERNHARDT, U. Die Funktion der Kataloge in Ovids Exilpoesie. Hildesheim- Zürich- New York: OLMS, 1986.

CANTER, H. V. The Figure ADYNATON in Greek and Latin Poetry. AJP 51, 40, 1930, pp. 32-41.

CARDOSO, I. T. Metamorfoses no Actéon de Ovídio. In: LEITE, N. V. de A. (Org.). Corpo e Linguagem - A Estética do Desejo. Campinas: Mercado das Letras, v. 1, 2005, pp. 45-62.

CLAASSEN, J. M. Ovid’s poems from exile: the creation of a myth and the triumph of poetry. A&A, 34, vol. 2, 1988, pp. 158–69.

CLAASSEN, J. M. Displaced Persons: The Literature of Exile from Cicero to Boethius. London: Duckworth, 1999.

CLAASSEN, J. M. Ovid Revisited: The Poet in Exile. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2008.

DAVISSON, M. H. T. Omnia Naturae Praepostera Legibus Ibunt: Adunata in Ovid’s Exile Poems. The Classical Journal, v. 76, n. 2, 1980, pp. 124-128.

DAVISSON, M. H. T. ‘Duritia’ and Creativity in Exile: ‘Epistulae ex Ponto’ 4.10. Antiquity, vol. 1, n. 1, 1982, pp. 28-42.

DELLA CORTE, F. Il reato segreto di ovidio. Cultura e scuola, vol. 29, n. 114, 1990, pp. 48-53.

DOWLING, M. B. Clemency and cruelty in the Roman world. The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 2006.

EVANS, H. B. Winter and Warfare in Ovid’s Tomis: (Tristia 3.10). The Classical Journal, vol. 70, n. 3, 1975, pp. 1-9.

EVANS, H. B. Publica Carmina: Ovid’s Books from Exile. Lincoln-London: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.

FANTHAM, E. Rhetoric and Ovid’s Poetry. In: KNOX, P (ed.). A companion to Ovid. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell, 2009, pp. 26-44.

FITTON BROWN, A. D. The unreality of Ovid’s Tomitan exile. Liverpool Classical Monthly, Liverpool, v. 10, n. 2, 1985, pp. 18-22.

GAERTNER, J. F Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto, Book 1. Oxford Classical Monographs, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

GALASSO, L. P. Ovidii Nasonis, Epistularum ex Ponto liber II. Florence: Le Monnier, 1995.

GRAF, F. Myth in Ovid. In: HARDIE, Ph. (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Ovid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 108-121.

GREEN, P. Carmen et error: πρόφασις and αἰτία and in the matter of Ovid’s exile. Classical Antiquity, 1, 1982, pp. 202-220.

HARDIE, Ph. Virgil’s Aeneid. Cosmos and Imperium. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

HASEGAWA, A. P. Quando os historiadores mentem e os poetas dizem verdades: ‘ficção’ e verdade na Antiguidade. Revera, vol. 2, 2017, pp. 7-26.

HELZLE, M. Publii Ovidii Nasonis Epistularum ex Ponto liber IV. Hildescheim: Olms, 1989.

HINDS, S. Allusion and intertext. Dynamics of appropriation in Roman Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

INGLEHEART, J. Ovid, the Error and the Theme of Sight in Tristia 2. MD, n. 56, 2006, pp. 63-86.

INGLEHEART, J. Commentary on Tristia Book II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

LAROSA, B. The Mythical exempla of Faithful Heroines in Seneca the Elder’s ork: Literary Occurrences of a Declamatory Device. In: DINTER, M.; GUERIN, C.; Santos, M. M. (eds.) Reading Roman Declamation. Seneca the Elder. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. 186-200.

LECHI, F. Testo mitologico e testo elegiaco. A proposito dell’exemplum in Properzio. MD, n. 3, 1979, pp. 83-100.

LOWRIE, M. Writing, Performance, and Authority in Augustan Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

LUCK, G. P. Ovidius Naso, Tristia. Band I. Herausgegeben, übersetzt und erklärt von G. LUCK. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1967.

MCGOWAN, M. Ovid in Exile. Power and Poetic Redress in the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2009.

NAGLE, B. R. The Poetics of Exile: Program and Polemic in the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto of Ovid. Bruselas: Latomus, vol. 170, 1980.

NATOLI, B. Silenced voices. The Poetics of Speech in Ovid. Madison: The Wisconsin University Press, 2017.

NEWMAN, J. K. The concept of Vates in Augustan poetry. Bruselas: Latomus, revue d’études latines, 1967.

PETERSEN, A. Ovid’s wife in the Tristia and the Epistulae ex Ponto. Transforming erotic elegy into conjugal elegy. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Georgia, 2005.

POEL, M. van der. The Use of exempla in Roman Declamation. Rhetorica, vol. 27, n.3, 2009, pp. 332–353.

PUTNAM, M. Ovid, Virgil and Myrrha’s Metamorphic Exile. Vergilius (1959-), vol. 47, 2001, pp. 171-193.

RAHN, H. Ovids elegische Epistel. A&A 7, 1958, pp. 105-120.

REEBER, J. The Lady and the tiger: generic play in Tristia 1. 6. Ponência apresentada na 110th Metting of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South, 2014.

ROSATI, G. L’elegia al femminile: le Heroides di Ovidio (e altre heroides). MD, n. 29, 1992, pp. 71–94.

SCANLON, L. Narrative, authority, and power. The Medieval exemplum and the Chaucerian tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

SCHIESARO, A. Ovid and the professional discourses of scholarship, religion, rhetoric. In: HARDIE, Ph. The Cambridge companion to Ovid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 62-78.

SCHNIEBS, A.; DAUJOTAS, G. El arte de amar. Texto latino, introducción y notas. Colihue: Buenos Aires, 2009.

SYME, R. History in Ovid. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.

THIBAULT, J. C. The Mystery of Ovid’s Exile. Berkeley-Los Angeles: UC Press, 1964.

TISSOL, G. Ovid. Epistulae ex Ponto, book I. Edited by Garth Tissol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

TOLA, E. La métamorphose poétique chez Ovide: Tristes et Pontiques. Le poème inépuisable. Paris-Louvain- Dudley, Ma.: Peeters, 2000.

TOLA, E. Ovide-Actéon: les risques métamorphiques du regard des Métamorphoses aux Tristes. Euphrosyne, 36, 2008, pp. 37-48.

UGARTEMENDÍA, C. M. A exemplaridade do abandono: epístola elegíaca e intratextualidade nas Heroides de Ovídio. Dissertação de Mestrado em Letras Clássicas, FFLCH, USP, São Paulo, 2017.

WILSON, D. Irony, Hyperbole, Jokes and Banter. In: BLOCHOWIAK, J.; GRISOT, C.; DURRIEMANN, S. & LAENZLINGER, C. (eds.) Formal Models in the Study of Language: Applications in Interdisciplinary Contexts. Springer, 2017, pp. 201-220.

Published

2020-12-29

How to Cite

Ugartemendía, C. M. (2020). Refashioning exempla: the paradigm of cruelty and inclemency in the Ovidian myth of exile. CODEX - Revista De Estudos Clássicos, 8(2), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.25187/codex.v8i2.37055

Issue

Section

Articles