“Amedrontado, acordei do sono”: o medo trágico na Exagoge de Ezequiel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25187/codex.v11i1.59281Keywords:
medo, Exagoge, Ezequiel trágico, emoções, Êxodo.Abstract
O medo é uma emoção universal que funciona como síntese das atividades mentais que levam a reações de terror, pânico e angústia. O objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma leitura dos fragmentos da Exagoge, de Ezequiel Trágico, dramaturgo judaico que escrevia em grego, a fim de identificar como o drama helenístico trata a experiência estética do medo. Em cada um dos conjecturados cinco atos da Exagoge, o medo se faz presente com uma mesma marca de imponderabilidade. A tese do artigo é a de que a Exagoge demonstra que o medo é também uma reação a um perigo “imponderável” ou ponderável a partir não de experiências pessoais anteriores, mas de elementos externos que interagem com o estado emocional interior. Assim, o artigo pretende caracterizar a emoção do medo, em suas manifestações de caráter negativo e dissociadas do elemento estereotípico e cognitivo de experiências anteriores, a partir do exame da Exagoge, com base em cinco efeitos de amedrontamento: diante do desconhecido, o medo do imponderável; diante das divindades, o medo do sobrenatural; diante da exibição de força bruta, o medo do poderoso; diante da exibição de superioridade numérica, o medo do numeroso; e, diante do desproporcional, o medo do monstruoso.
References
ARISTÓTELES. Poética. Edição trilíngue por Valentín García Yebra. Madrid: Gredos, 1974.
ARISTOTELES. De anima. In: ROSS, W. D. (Ed.). De anima. Oxford: Clarendon, 1967.
ARISTOTELES. Rhetorica. In: ROSS, W. D. (Ed.). Aristotelis ars rhetorica. Oxford: Clarendon, 1964. p. 1-191 (1354a1-1420a8).
ARNOTT, W. Geoffrey. Ezechiel: the Exagoge of Ezekiel. Journal of Hellenic Studies, v. 105, p. 192-193, 1985a.
ARNOTT, W. Geoffrey. Ezekiel Exagoge 208. The American Journal of Philology, v. 106, n. 2, p. 240-241, 1985b.
BARTELS, Myrthe L. Plato’s seasick steersman: on (not) being overwhelmed by fear in Plato’s Laws. In: CANDIOTTO, Laura; RENAULT, Olivier (Eds.). Emotions in Plato. Leiden: Brill, 2020. p. 147-168.
BUNTA, Silviu N. Moses, Adam and the Glory of the Lord in Ezekiel the tragedian: on the roots of a Merkabah text. Adviser: Deirdre Dempsey. 2005. 234 p. Dissertation (Doctor of Philosophy) – Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2005.
CANDIOTTO, Laura; RENAULT, Olivier. 2020a. Introduction: why Plato comes first. In: CANDIOTTO, Laura; RENAULT, Olivier (Eds.). Emotions in Plato. Leiden: Brill, 2020. p. 1-16.
CHANIOTIS, Angelos. Introduction. In: CHANIOTIS, Angelos (Ed.). Unveiling emotions: sources and methods for the study of emotions in the Greek world. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012a. p. 11-36.
CHANIOTIS, 2012b. Constructing the fear of gods: epigraphic evidence from sanctuaries of Greece and Asia Minor. In: CHANIOTIS, Angelos (Ed.). Unveiling emotions: sources and methods for the study of emotions in the Greek world. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012a.
p. 205-234.
CHARLESWORTH, J. H. (Ed.). The Old Testament pseudepigrapha: expansions of the “Old Testament” and legends, wisdom and philosophical literature, prayers, psalms, and odes, fragments of lost Judeo-Hellenistic works. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985.
COLLINS, Nina L. EZEKIEL, The author of the Exagoge: his calendar and home. Journal for the Study of Judaism, v. 22, n. 2, p. 201-211, 1991.
DENIS, Albert-Marie (Col. e Org.). Fragmenta pseudoepigraphorum quae supersunt graeca: una cum historicorum et auctorum judaeorum hellenistarum fragmentis. Leiden: Brill, 1970.
ERICKSON, Chris. The poetics of fear: a human response to human security. New York & London: Continuum, 2010.
EZECHIEL. Exagoge. In: SNELL, B. (Ed.). Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1971. v. 1, p. 288-301.
FRULLA, Giovanni. The language of the Exagoge as an example of cultural exchanges: influences of the Septuagint and of the Masoretic text. Henoch: Historical and Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Judaism and Christianity, v. 29, n. 2, p. 259-287, 2007.
GAMBETTI, Sandra. Some considerations on Ezekiel’s Exagoge. Journal of Ancient Judaism, v. 8, p. 188-207, 2017.
GRIFFITHS, Paul E. What emotions really are: the problem of psychological categories. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
GRUENWALD, Ithamar. Apocalyptic and Merkavah mysticism. Leiden: Brill, 1980.
HUTCHISON, Sharla; BROWN, Rebecca A. Introduction. In: HUTCHISON, Sharla; BROWN, Rebecca A. (Eds.). Monsters and monstrosity from the fin de siècle to the millennium: new essays. Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 2015. p. 1-10.
JACOBSON, Howard. Two studies on Ezekiel the tragedian. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, n. 22, p. 167-178, 1981.
JACOBSON, Howard. The Exagoge of Ezekiel. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.
KAPPELMACHER, A. Zur Tragödie der hellenistischen Zeit. Wiener Studien, n. 44, p. 69-86, 1924-1925, 1924.
KONSTAN, David. The emotions of the ancient Greeks: studies in Aristotle and Classical literature. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
LAERTIUS, Diogenes. Vitae philosophorum. In: LONG, H. S. (Ed.). Laerti vitae philosophorum. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966. v. 1-2.
LANFRANCHI, Pierluigi. L’Exagoge d’Ezéchiel le Tragique: introduction, texte, traduction et commentaire. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
LANFRANCHI, Pierluigi. Reminiscences of Ezekiel’s Exagoge in Philo’s De vita Mosis. In: GRAUPNER, Axel; WOLTER, Michael (Eds.). Moses in Biblical and extra-Biblical traditions. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2007. p. 143-150.
LOWE, Dunstan. Monsters and monstrosity in Augustan poetry. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2015.
MARTZAVOU, Paraskevi. Dream, narrative, and the construction of hope in the “healing miracles” of Epidauros. In: CHANIOTIS, Angelos (Ed.). Unveiling emotions: sources and methods for the study of emotions in the Greek world. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012a. p. 177-204.
MARTZAVOU, Paraskevi. Isis aretalogies, initiations, and emotions: the Isis aretalogies as a source for the study of emoticons. In: CHANIOTIS, Angelos (Ed.). Unveiling emotions: sources and methods for the study of emotions in the Greek world. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012a. p. 267-292.
MASSÉGLIA, Jane. Emotions and archaeological sources: a methodological introduction. In: CHANIOTIS, Angelos (Ed.). Unveiling emotions: sources and methods for the study of emotions in the Greek world. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012a. p. 131-150.
MASO, Stefano. Emotions in context: “risk” as condition for emotion. In: CANDIOTTO, Laura; RENAULT, Olivier (Eds.). Emotions in Plato. Leiden: Brill, 2020. p. 83-102.
MEEKS, Wayne A. The prophet-king: Moses’ traditions and the Johannine Christology. Leiden: Brill, 1967.
MÖBUS, Freya. Why do itches itch? bodily pain in the Socratic theory of motivation. In: CANDIOTTO, Laura; RENAULT, Olivier (Eds.). Emotions in Plato. Leiden: Brill, 2020. p. 61-82.
MUNTEANU, Dana L. Tragic pathos: pity and fear in Greek philosophy and tragedy. Cambridge: CUP, 2012.
ORLOV, Andrei A. Selected studies in the Slavonic pseudepigrapha. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
PFEFFERKORN, Julia. Shame and virtue in Plato’s Laws: two kinds of fear and the drunken puppet. In: CANDIOTTO, Laura; RENAULT, Olivier (Eds.). Emotions in Plato. Leiden: Brill, 2020. p. 252-269.
PLATO. Laches. In: BURNET, J. (Ed.). Platonis opera. Oxford: Clarendon: 1968a. v. 3 (178a-201c).
PLATO. Protagoras. In: BURNET, J. (Ed.). Platonis opera. Oxford: Clarendon: 1968a. v. 3 (309a-362a).
PLATO. Theaetetus. In: BURNET, J. (Ed.). Platonis opera. Oxford: Clarendon: 1967a. v. 1 (142a-210d).
PLATO. Phaedo. In: BURNET, J. (Ed.). Platonis opera. Oxford: Clarendon: 1967b. v. 1 (57a-118a).
PLATO. Leges. In: BURNET, J. (Ed.). Platonis opera. Oxford: Clarendon: 1967c. v. 5 (624a-969d).
RENAULT, Olivier. Emotions and rationality in the Timaeus (Ti. 42a-b, 69c-72e). In: CANDIOTTO, Laura; RENAULT, Olivier (Eds.). Emotions in Plato. Leiden: Brill, 2020. p. 103-122.
RODRIGUES JR., Fernando. A Exagoge de Ezequiel e a tragédia greco‐judaica no período helenístico. Ágora: Estudos Clássicos em Debate, n. 24, p. 67‐87, 2022.
ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques. Essay on the origin of languages. In: SCOTT, John T. (Ed.). The collected writings of Rousseau. Translated by John T. Scott. Hanover & London: University of New England Press, 1998 [1781]. v. 7.
RUFFATTO, Kristine J. Polemics with Enochic traditions in the Exagoge of Ezekiel the Tragedian. Journal for the Study of the Pseudoepigrapha, v. 15, n. 3, p. 195-210, 2006
RUFFATTO, Kristine J. Raguel as interpreter of Moses’ throne vision: the transcendent identity of Raguel in the Exagoge of Ezekiel the Tragedian. Journal for the Study of the Pseudoepigrapha, v. 17, n. 2, p. 121-139, 2008.
RUPPENTHAL NETO, Willibaldo. A imagem de Moisés no judaísmo helenístico. Reflexus: Revista de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões, v. 10, n. 16, p. 375-393, 2016.
SCOTT, Simon. Loving and living well: the importance of shame in Plato’s Phaedrus. In: CANDIOTTO, Laura; RENAULT, Olivier (Eds.). Emotions in Plato. Leiden: Brill, 2020. p. 270-284.
STEADMAN, John M. “Moses prologizes”: Milton and Ezekiel’s Exagoge. Notes and Queries, Sept. 1964, p. 336-337.
STAROBINSKI-SAFRAN, E. Un poète judéo-hellénistique: Ezéchiel le tragique. Museum Helveticum, v. 31, p. 216-224, 1974.
TERVANOTKO, Hanna K. “The princess did provide all things, as though I were her own” (Exagoge 37-38): reading Exodus 2 in the late Second Temple Era. In: SCHULLER, Eileen; WACKER, Marie-Theres (Eds.). The Bible and women. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2017. p. 143-166.
TESTAMENTUM Abrahae (Recensio A). In: JAMES M. R. (Ed.). The testament of Abraham. Cambridge: CUP, 1892. p. 77-104.
TORRES, Milton L. A Exagoge: o êxodo como drama. Cachoeira, BA: Edição do Autor, 2001.
TRYPANIS, C. A. Greek poetry: from Homer to Seferis. London: Faber & Faber, 1981.
VAN DER HORST, Pieter W. Some notes on the Exagoge of Ezekiel. Mnemosyne, v. 37, n. 3-4, p. 354-375, 1984.
VANDERKAM, James C. The book of Jubilees. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 2001.
ZANON, Camila A. Onde vivem os monstros: criaturas prodigiosas na poesia hexamétrica arcaica. Orientador: Christian Werner. 2016. 312 f. Tese (Doutorado em Letras Clássicas) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, 2016.
ZEITLIN, Froma. Politics and identity in Ezekiel’s Exagoge. In: WHITMARSH, Tim (Ed.). Beyond the Second Sophistic: adventures in Greek Postclassicism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013. p. 211-227.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
