A preliminary revision of Kunsia Hershkovitz, 1966 was made considering almost all the available specimens including type material of (in order of nomination) Mus principalis Lund, Scapteromys fronto Winge, S. gnambiquaræ M. Ribeiro, S. chacoensis Gyldenstolpe, and Kunsia fronto planaltensis Ávila-Pires. A new genus is proposed to allocate K. fronto and their subspecies. In addition, the latter are newly described and planaltensis is ranked as full species. The new genus is characterized by a unique combination of traits, including among others: large size, short tail (ca. 55% of combined head and body length), hispid dorsal hair, small tail scales covered by 3 hairs each one, rounded small-size ears, pes and manus unicolored, large nasals with acuminate posterior end reaching lacrimal level, distinctive zygomatic arch enlargement, large incisive foramina reaching first upper molar protocone, denticulate coronal suture open U-shaped, carotid circulatory pattern type 1, conspicuous coronal hypsodonty, developed mesolophids and protolophids + protoconulids in both first and second lower molars, first lower molar three rooted. Morphological comparisons of the new genus with Kunsia stricto sensu (restricted here to K. tomentosus) and Scapteromys (including S. aquaticus and S. tumidus) provide a basis for preliminary inferences about phylogenetic relationships. The fossil material from Bolivia and Argentina previously assigned to Kunsia is briefly addressed after a new study of the original remains, allowing us to conclude that they do not belong to the genus Kunsia neither to the new genus here proposed. The new genus is restricted to three recording localities in Brazil (one exclusively fossil) and one in Argentina, and had an unique record (Planaltina, Brasil) in the last five decades. Field work is urgently needed to assess the conservation status of these peculiar sigmodontine rodents.
