THE ANALYSIS OF LARGE SOCIAL SYSTEMS IN GLOBAL HISTORY: A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

Abstract

This article begins from the assumption that in a rapidly globalizing world, an important frontier in the understanding of the history of human society is the recognition and definition of large social systems. We begin with an attempt to define the ‘large social system’, proceed with analyzing the best methodology for defining and measuring such a system.  It is argued that large social systems often have particular economic or institutional characteristics which act as ‘sinews’ for the system.  At the same time, a large social system is often to be found hiding in ‘plain sight’ as it were.  This is because its scale does not easily conform to a single nation or culture—the usual units of analysis for historians of human society.  Thus, simply identifying a large social system, and defining its temporal and geographical boundaries, can bring significant insights.  Identifying key mechanisms which actuate the system is often integral to the definition process. 

Of course, there are existing methodologies which can be of greater and lesser use for defining and explaining the workings of large social systems.  We consider four of these:  so-called ‘Global History’, World History, Comparative History, and New Institutionalism.  The pros and cons of each of these methodologies are briefly assessed, and some new methodologies and guidelines are suggested for moving forwards with this exciting frontier in historical, economic, and social science.