Prazer com o sofrimento alheio: adaptação da escala reduzida de impulso sádico (ERIS)

Autores/as

  • Leonardo Borges Ferreira Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social, do Trabalho e das Organizações. Brasília, DF, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-5519
  • Bruno Bonfá-Araújo Universidade São Francisco, Faculdade de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia (ênfase em Avaliação Psicológica). Campinas, SP, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-9992
  • Fábio Iglesias Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social, do Trabalho e das Organizações. Brasília, DF, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217-5296
  • Cristiane Faiad Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social, do Trabalho e das Organizações. Brasília, DF, Brasil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8012-8893

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36482/1809-5267.ARBP-2022v74.20244

Palabras clave:

Sadismo, Testes psicológicos, Lado sombrio da personalidade, Adaptação transcultural

Resumen

O sadismo retrata comportamentos de agressão, indiferença e prazer ao causar sofrimento em outros indivíduos. Ainda não existe consenso na literatura psiquiátrica sobre se deve ser considerado um transtorno ou apenas um aspecto subclínico. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar para o português brasileiro a Short Sadistic Impulse Scale (SSIS), bem como buscar evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura interna. Compuseram a amostra 478 participantes, de 18 a 63 anos (M = 23,05; DP = 6,22), que responderam a um questionário demográfico e à escala traduzida. Na primeira etapa, realizou-se o processo de adaptação cultural e, na segunda, buscou-se evidências de validade. Modelagens por equações estruturais exploratórias indicaram que a Escala Reduzida de Impulso Sádico (ERIS) manteve a unidimensionalidade original. Mulheres apresentaram maior sadismo. A ERIS se mostra adequada para aplicações na população geral e capaz de captar as especificidades do sadismo.

Citas

American Educational Research Association. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington: AERA.

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3a ed., rev.). Washington: APA.

American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4a ed.). Washington: APA.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5a ed.). Washington: APA.

Ashton, M. C. (2013). Personality traits and the inventories that measure them. In M. C. Ashton, Individual differences and personality (2a ed.). New York: Academic. p. 26-55.

Baumeister, R. F., & Campbell, W. K. (1999). The intrinsic appeal of evil: sadism, sensational thrills, and threatened egotism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 210-221. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_4

Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H., & Matthews, G. (2015). Criteria for selection and evaluation of scales and measures. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016B978-0-12-386915-9.00001-2

Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B.F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012). Adaptação e validação de instrumentos psicológicos entre culturas: Algumas considerações. Paidéia, 22(53), 423-432. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-863X2012000300014

Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2201–2209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613490749

Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2011). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Chabrol, H., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., & Séjourné, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 734-739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020

Chester, D. S., DeWall, C. N., & Enjaian, B. (2019). Sadism and aggressive behavior: inflicting pain to feel pleasure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(8), 1252-1268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218816327

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2a ed.). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Cohen, R. J., Swerdlik, M. K., Sturman, E. D. (2014). Testagem e avaliação psicológica: introdução a testes e medidas (8a ed.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.

Coster, W. J., & Mancini, M. C. (2015). Recomendações para a tradução e adaptação. Revista de Terapia Ocupacional, 26(1), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2238-6149.v26i1p50-57

Damásio, B. F. (2012). Uso da análise fatorial exploratória em psicologia. Avaliação Psicológica, 11(2), 213-228.

Davies, J., & Hand, N. (2003). Sadistic interest: an exploratory study. Division of Forensic Psychology Annual Conference, Cambridge, England.

Davies, J., & O’Meara, A. (2007). “I consider myself sadistic”: a qualitative analysis of sadistic endorsement in a group of Irish undergraduates. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 9, 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636646200700005

Dinić, B. M., Bulut Allred, T., Petrović, B., & Wertag, A. (2020). A test of three sadism measures: short sadistic impulse scale, varieties of sadistic tendencies, and assessment of sadistic personality. Journal of Individual Differences, 41(4), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000319

Dinić, B. M., Sadiković, S., & Wertag, A. (2021). Factor mixture analysis of

the dark triad and dark tetrad. Journal of Individual Differences, 42(2).

https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000331

Duncan, Z., & March, E. (2019). Using tinder® to start a fire: predicting antisocial use of tinder® with gender and the dark tetrad. Personality and Individual Differences, 145, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2019.03.014

Fiester, S. J., & Gay, M. (1991). Sadistic personality disorder: a review of data and recommendations for DSM-IV. Journal of Personality Disorders, 5(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1991.5.4.376

Fromm, E. (1973). The anatomy of human destructiveness. New York: Fawcett Crest.

Foulkes, L. (2019). Sadism: Review of an elusive construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.010

Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The dark triad of personality: a 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018

Holt, S. E., Meloy, R., & Strack, S. (1999). Sadism and psychopathy in violent and sexually violent offenders. Journal of American Academy of Psychiatry Law, 27(1), 23-32.

International Test Commission. (2017). The ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests (2a ed.). Hemel Hempstead: ITC. Recuperado de: www.InTestCom.org

Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(2), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006

Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: a concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019265

Jonason, P. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Okan, C. (2017). Good v. evil: Predicting sinning with dark personality traits and moral foundations. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 180-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.002

Kircaburun, K., Jonason, P. K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). The dark tetrad traits and problematic online gaming: The mediating role of online gaming motives and moderating role of game types. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.038

Livesley, W. J., Jang, K. L., Jackson, D. N., & Vernon, P. A. (1993). Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(12), 1826-1831. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.12.1826

Meloy, R. (1997). Violent attachments. Northvale: Jason Aronson.

Millon, T., Grossman, S., Millon, C., Meagher, S., & Ramnath, R. (2004). Personality disorders in modern life. New Jersey: John Willey & Sons.

Min, H., Pavisic, I., Howald, N., Highhouse, S., & Zickar, M. J. (2019). A systematic comparison of three sadism measures and their ability to explain workplace mistreatment over and above the dark triad. Journal of Research in Personality, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103862

Moshagen, M., Zettler, I., Horsten, L. K., & Hilbig, B. E. (2020). Agreeableness and the common core of dark traits are functionally different constructs. Journal of Research in Personality, 87. https://doi.org/10.1016j.jrp.2020.103986

Moshagen, M., Hilbig, B. E., & Zettler, I. (2018). The dark core of personality. Psychological Review, 125(5), 656-688. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev000011

O’Brien, E. H. & Bushman, B. J. (2012). Aggression. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (pp. 37-43, 2a ed.). San Diego: Academic.

Oliveira, S. E. S. (2019). Avaliação e diagnóstico dos transtornos da personalidade: modelos categórico, dimensional e híbrido. In M. N. Baptista (Org.), Compêndio de avaliação psicológica (pp. 589-600). Petrópolis: Vozes.

O’Meara, A., Davies, J., & Barnes-Holmes, Y. (2004). The prevalence and characteristics of sadism in an Irish student population. Annual Conference of the Division of Forensic Psychology, Leicester, England.

O’Meara, A., Davies, J., & Hammond, S. (2011). The psychometric properties and utility of the Short Sadistic Impulse Scale (SSIS). Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022400

O’Meara, A., & Hammond, S. (2016). The sadistic impulse and relating to others. In J. Birtchnell, M. Newberry, & A. Kalaitzaki (Eds.), Relating theory: clinical and forensic applications (pp. 277-292). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Pacico, J. C., & Hutz, C. (2015). Validade. In C. Hutz, D. R. Bandeira, C. M. Trentini (Orgs.), Psicometria (Coleção Avaliação Psicológica, pp. 70-84). Porto Alegre: Artmed.

Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(6), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547737

Paulhus, D. L., & Dutton, D. G. (2016). Everyday sadism. In V. Zeigler-Hill, &

D. K. Marcus (Eds.), The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology (pp. 108-120). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6

Plouffe, R. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Smith, M. M. (2017). The assessment of sadistic personality: Preliminary psychometric evidence for a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 166-171.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.043

Piekkola, B. (2011). Traits across cultures: a neo-allportian perspective. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022478

Pinker, S. (2013). Os anjos bons da nossa natureza: Por que a violência diminuiu. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.

Primi, R. (2010). Avaliação psicológica no Brasil: Fundamentos, situação

atual e direções para o futuro. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 26(esp), 25-35.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-37722010000500003

Reich, J. (1993). Prevalence and characteristics of sadistic personality disorder

in an outpatient veteran’s population. Psychiatry Research, 48(3), 267-276.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(93)90077-T

Sest, N., & March, E. (2017). Constructing the cyber-troll: Psychopathy, sadism, and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.038

Publicado

2022-10-04

Número

Sección

Artículos