ENTRE FLORES E VISITANTES: ESTRATÉGIAS DE DISPONIBILIZAÇÃO E COLETA DE RECURSOS FLORAIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2018.2204.04Keywords:
floral rewards, floral visitor, plant-pollinator interaction, robber, thiefAbstract
Os recursos florais estão diretamente relacionados ao estabelecimento e manutenção de interações entre plantas e visitantes. Assim, os interagentes têm diferentes graus de dependência, que são definidos principalmente pelas estratégias das plantas em disponibilizar os recursos florais e pelas apresentadas pelos visitantes em coletar estes recursos. No entanto, as diferenças morfológicas e comportamentais dos visitantes permitem que eles assumam diferentes papéis - além de polinizadores - nas interações com as plantas, atuando como pilhadores ou ladrões de recurso. Nesse sentido, as plantas exibem diferentes estratégias de disponibilização de recursos enquanto os visitantes florais exibem diferentes estratégias de forrageamento para a obtenção desses recursos. Apresentamos aqui seções específicas sobre os principais recursos florais: néctar, pólen, óleo, resinas e perfumes florais com objetivo de revisar criticamente a literatura e apresentar: (1) as estratégias utilizadas pelas plantas para manter os polinizadores visitando suas flores e minimizar o desperdício de recursos, e (2) as estratégias utilizadas pelos visitantes para otimizar seu comportamento durante o forrageamento em função da disponibilidade de recursos florais. A manutenção da disponibilidade de recursos florais depende da manutenção de polinização, que por sua vez é condicionada ao modo como os visitantes se comportam durante a coleta e forrageio dos recursos nas flores. Dessa forma, as relações entre plantas e visitantes florais polinizadores são mutualísticas, embora os interesses sejam contrários, havendo a exploração mútua: na qual os visitantes necessitam de recursos disponibilizados pelas plantas e estas necessitam de serviço de polinização efetuados pelos visitantes.
BETWEEN FLOWERS AND VISITORS: STRATEGIES OF AVAILABILITY AND COLLECTION OF FLORAL RESOURCES. Floral resources are strongly related to the establishment and maintenance of plant-pollinator interactions. Interacting species have different degrees of dependence, which are defined mainly by the strategies of plants to make available the floral resources and those presented by visitors in collecting these resources. However, morphological and behavioral differences among visitors allow them to assume different roles - beyond the one of pollinators - in interactions with plants. For instance, floral visitors can act as resource thieves or robbers. Thus, plants exhibit different resource distribution strategies while the floral visitors exhibit different foraging strategies to obtain floral resources. We present specific sections on the main floral resources: nectar, pollen, oil, resins and perfumes with the purpose of critically review the literature in order to present: (1) the strategies used by plants to maintain pollinators visiting on flowers without waste floral resources, and (2) the strategies used by the animals to optimize their foraging as a function of the floral resources. The maintenance of the availability of floral resources depends on the maintenance of pollination, which in turn is conditioned to the way visitors behave during the visit in search of floral resources. Therefore, relationships between plants and floral visitors tend to be mutualistic, based relationships even when the individual interests are opposite. In this sense, there is some mutual exploration in which visitors explore resources made available by plants, which in their turn explore the pollination service done by visitors.
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