O PAPEL DOS PEIXES NA RECICLAGEM DE NUTRIENTES EM RIACHOS TROPICAIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2021.2502.14Keywords:
Nutrient dynamics, Egestion, Ecological stoichiometry, Excretion, Metabolic Theory of EcologyAbstract
Peixes podem contribuir direta e indiretamente na reciclagem de nutrientes em ambientes aquáticos, afetando a estrutura das comunidades e processos ecossistêmicos. Através da excreção de resíduos metabólicos, os peixes redisponibilizam no ambiente nutrientes inorgânicos que podem ser utilizados por algas e bactérias. O nitrogênio e o fósforo são, frequentemente, nutrientes limitantes em riachos, portanto peixes podem representar uma fonte relevante destes nutrientes. Muitos fatores podem influenciar as taxas de excreção, incluindo a dieta, a demanda de nutrientes do organismo (para reprodução e crescimento), a ontogenia, o tamanho do corpo, a temperatura e outros fatores abióticos. Atualmente, duas teorias se propõem a explicar quais fatores controlam as taxas de excreção: 1) a Teoria da Estequiometria Ecológica se baseia nos modelos de balanço de massa e utiliza a quantidade de nutrientes da dieta e a demanda de nutrientes do peixe como preditores das taxas de excreção; e 2) a Teoria Metabólica da Ecologia que se baseia no tamanho do corpo e na temperatura como fatores que regulam as taxas metabólicas de um organismo e, assim, suas taxas de excreção. A importância relativa dos peixes como recicladores de nutrientes em riachos varia dependendo de fatores intrínsecos das espécies e características do ambiente. Isto inclui a magnitude das taxas de excreção da comunidade inteira de peixes, a concentração e entrada de nutrientes no riacho, a demanda de nutrientes do sistema e o período de atividade e comportamento dos peixes. Por exemplo, espécies abundantes em riachos oligotróficos têm potencial de representar uma importante fonte de nutrientes. Mas outras peculiaridades, como a dieta, demanda de nutrientes específicas, ou comportamentos migratórios, podem torná-los importantes fontes ou sumidouros de nutrientes num riacho. Neste artigo são revisados estudos que tratam o papel dos peixes como recicladores de nutrientes e são explicadas as técnicas mais comuns utilizadas neste tipo de estudos.
THE ROLE OF FISH IN THE RECYCLING OF NUTRIENTS IN TROPICAL STREAMS: Fish can contribute directly and indirectly to nutrient recycling in aquatic environments, affecting community structure and ecosystem processes. Through the excretion of metabolic waste, fish make inorganic nutrients available in the environment that can be used by algae and bacteria. Nitrogen and phosphorus are often limiting nutrients in streams, so fish can be a relevant source of these nutrients. Many factors can influence excretion rates, including diet, body nutrient demand (for reproduction and growth), ontogeny, body size, temperature and other abiotic factors. Currently, two theories propose to explain which factors control excretion rates: 1) The Theory of Ecological Stoichiometry is based on mass balance models and uses the amount of nutrients in the diet and the fish nutrient demand as predictors of excretion rates; and 2) the Metabolic Theory of Ecology that uses body size and temperature as factors that regulate an organism metabolic rates and, thus, its excretion rates. The relative importance of fish as nutrient recyclers in streams varies depending on species intrinsic characteristics and environmental factors. This includes the magnitude of excretion rates from the entire fish community, the nutrient concentration and nutrient input into the stream, the stream nutrient demand and the period of activity and behavior of the fish. For example, species that are abundant in oligotrophic streams have the potential to represent an important source of nutrients. But other peculiarities, such as diet, specific nutrient demands, or migratory behaviors, can make them important sources or sinks of nutrients in a stream. This article reviews studies that address the role of fish as nutrient recyclers and explains the most common techniques used in this type of studies.References
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