A ECOLOGIA DE PEIXES DE RIACHO SOB A PERSPECTIVA DA ECOLOGIA DE PAISAGENS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2021.2502.16Keywords:
ecotone, GIS, hierarchical organization, river landscape, spatial and temporal scalesAbstract
A ecologia de paisagens é uma ciência interdisciplinar que busca entender as relações entre padrões e processos ecológicos considerando diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais. Os avanços dessa ciência vêm sendo sustentados pelo rápido desenvolvimento de um arcabouço metodológico largamente baseado em Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Assim, as abordagens de ecologia de paisagens têm permitido, por exemplo, compreender como processos ecológicos são afetados pelas atividades antrópicas que desencadeiam alterações profundas aos ecossistemas, como a perda e fragmentação de habitats. Apesar de comumente aplicada aos estudos em ecossistemas terrestres, existe uma defasagem do desenvolvimento teórico e metodológico da ecologia de paisagens aplicada a estudos em riachos, especialmente no Brasil. Considerando as particularidades dos ambientes aquáticos em relação aos terrestres, adaptações metodológicas são necessárias. Por exemplo, riachos possuem uma organização espacial hierárquica que resulta em condições locais dependentes do contexto regional. De fato, os riachos estão conectados à paisagem na qual se inserem através de múltiplas escalas espaciais e temporais. Esta conectividade hidrológica, e a baixa proporção de áreas aquáticas em relação a terrestres, resulta, por sua vez, que impactos antrópicos se acumulem ao longo das redes hidrográficas. Considerando o exposto, os objetivos deste estudo são: (1) Introduzir os conceitos gerais da ecologia de paisagens; (2) Apresentar os principais métodos de aquisição e gerenciamento de dados espaciais relevantes às abordagens voltadas aos riachos; (3) Descrever as escalas espaciais e temporais relevantes à ecologia de riacho; e (4) Discutir o potencial da ecologia de paisagens para a avaliação de impactos antrópicos aos riachos. A ecologia de paisagens tem muito a oferecer aos estudos de peixes de riachos no Brasil e tem se mostrado uma abordagem promissora para os avanços nessa fronteira do conhecimento.
STREAM FISH ECOLOGY FROM A LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE: Landscape ecology emphasizes the interaction between spatial patterns and ecological processes, i.e., the consequences of spatial heterogeneity across various scales. It is an interdisciplinary science that seeks to understand the relationships between ecological patterns and processes considering different spatial and temporal scales. This understanding has been supported by the rapid development of a methodological framework, largely based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Thus, it has allowed understanding how ecological processes are affected by anthropogenic activities that trigger profound changes in ecosystems, such as habitat loss and fragmentation. Although commonly applied to studies in terrestrial ecosystems, there is a time lag in both theoretical development and methodological adaptation of landscape ecology applied to studies in streams, especially in Brazil. Methodological adaptations are necessary considering the particularities of aquatic environments in relation to terrestrial ones. For example, streams have a hierarchical spatial organization that results in local conditions dependent on the regional context. In fact, streams are connected to the landscape in which they are inserted through multiple spatial and temporal scales. This hydrologic connectivity, and the low ratio/proportion of aquatic/terrestrial areas, in turn results in anthropogenic impacts accumulating along the hydrographic networks. Considering the above, the objectives of this chapter are: (1) Introduce the general concepts of landscape ecology; (2) Present the main methods of spatial data acquisition and management relevant to stream approaches; (3) Describe the spatial and temporal scales relevant to stream ecology and (4) Discuss the potential of landscape ecology to assess human impacts on streams. Landscape ecology has much to offer to the study of stream fish in Brazil and has shown to be a promising approach for advancing this frontier of knowledge.
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