Modeling Urban Atmospheric Lead Dispersion from a Mining Tailings Basin in Bahia, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11137/1982-3908_2022_45_48909Palavras-chave:
Abandoned mining, Atmospheric transport, Numerical modelResumo
After the exhaustion of the lead mine in Boquira, Bahia in the 1990s, mining support structures and the tailings basin were abandoned, resulting in one of the largest environmental liabilities from mining in the state. Detailed studies on environmental damages are inexistent and this article aimed to analyze lead contamination in the urban area of the municipality, based on atmospheric dispersion modeling. For this purpose, a model was elaborated and implemented in Matlab R2014a considering houses, streets and air as three coexisting spatial domains. The model uses wind speed and direction as input data and results were calibrated (RMSE = 0.64 on decadal logarithmic scale) against existing measurements taken in 2014 of lead concentrations in street sediments and house dust within the urban area. Results suggested that particulate resuspension from streets and accumulation in houses may explain observed concentration patterns, and that the amount of suspended lead in the air is small compared to that in streets and houses. Additional simulations carried out for a hypothetical future remediation scenario showed that after 200 days the concentrations in the air and in the streets decreased considerably, while they stopped accumulating in houses. Hence, the model may be a potentially useful tool to assist in the evaluation and management of this and other urban areas affected by contamination through atmospheric dispersion of particulates. Consistent with our model formulation, we recommend mass per area for lead concentrations in streets and houses as more meaningful units for exposure risk/intensity than ppm (mass per mass) of street sediment or house dust.
Referências
Alkmim, F.F., Brito Neves, B.B. & Alves, I.A.C. 1993, 'Arcabouço Tectônico do Cráton do São Francisco - uma revisão', in J.M.L.
Dominguez & A. Misi (eds), O Cráton do São Francisco: Trabalhos apresentados na reunião preparatória do II Simpósio sobre o Cráton do São Francisco, SBG, Salvador, pp. 45-62.
Amato, F., Karanasiou, A., Moreno, T., Alastuey, A., Orza, J.A.G., Lumbreras, J., Borge, R., Boldo, E., Linares, C. & Querol, X. 2012, 'Emission factors from road dust resuspension in a Mediterranean freeway', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 61, pp. 580-7, DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.065.
Andreão, W.L., Pinto, J.A., Pedruzzi, R., Kumar, P. & Albuquerque, T.T.A. 2020, 'Quantifying the impact of particulate matter on mortality and hospitalizations in four Brazilian metropolitan areas', Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 270, 110840, DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110840.
Borges, R.R., Teixeira, A.C.R. & Ribeiro, F.N.D. 2021, 'Modelagem da dispersão atmosférica de material particulado (MP10) e os impactos da utilização de veículos de carga movidos a GNL em São Paulo', Revista do Departamento de Geografia, vol. 41, no. 1, e185828, DOI:10.11606/eISSN.2236-2878.rdg.2021.185828.
Carvalho, I.G., Iyer, S.S.S., Tassinari, C.C.G. & Misi, A. 1997, 'Lead and sulfur-isotope investigations of the Boquira sediment-hosted sulfide deposits, Brazil', International Geology Review, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 97-106, DOI:10.1080/00206819709465261.
Chen, H., Wang, L., Hu, B., Xu, J. & Liu, X. 2022, 'Potential driving forces and probabilistic health risks of heavy metal accumulation in the soils from an e-waste area, southeast China', Chemosphere, vol. 289, 133182, DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133182.
Christou, A., Hadjisterkotis, E., Dalias, P., Demetriou, E., Christofidou, M., Kozakou, S., Michael, N., Charalambous, C., Hatzigeorgiou, M., Christou, E., Stefani, D., Christoforou, E. & Neocleous, D. 2022, 'Lead contamination of soils, sediments, and vegetation in a shooting range and adjacent terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems: A holistic approach for evaluating potential risks', Chemosphere, vol. 292, 133424, DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133424.
Costa, E.S. & Costa, A.A. 2021, 'Study of the transport of atmospheric pollutants in the Pecém Industrial and Port Complex (CIPP), Ceará, Brazil', Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia. vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 615-24, DOI:10.1590/0102-77863630030.
Cunha, F.G., Viglio, E.P., Anjos, J.A.S.A. & Loureiro, T.B. 2016, Estudos geoquímicos no município de Boquira - Estado da Bahia, CPRM, Salvador.
Duarte, E.S.F., Franke, P., Lange, A.C., Friese, E., Lopes, F.J.S., Silva, J.J., Reis, J.S., Landulfo, E., Silva, C.M.S., Elbern, H. & Hoelzemann, J.J. 2021, 'Evaluation of atmospheric aerosols in the metropolitan area of São Paulo simulated by the regional EURAD-IM model on high-resolution', Atmospheric Pollution Research, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 451-69, DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2020.12.006.
Evrard, O., Laceby, J.P., Lepage, H., Onda, Y., Cerdan, O. & Ayrault, S. 2015, 'Radiocesium transfer from hillslopes to the Pacific Ocean after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident: A review', Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 148, pp. 92-110, DOI:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.06.018.
Fung, C.C., Yang, P. & Zhu, Y.F. 2014, Infiltration of diesel exhaust into a mechanically ventilated building, Paper#HP0626, Indoor Air, Hong Kong.
Garcia, P.M.P. 2011, 'Análise comparativa de dados geológicos, litogeoquímicos e geofísicos das formações ferríferas do Complexo Boquira e supergrupo espinhaço na região de Boquira, BA', Bachelor thesis, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador.
Giovannini, L., Ferrero, E., Karl, T., Rotach, M.W., Staquet, C., Castelli, S.T. & Zardi, D. 2020, 'Atmospheric pollutant dispersion over complex terrain: Challenges and needs for improving air quality measurements and modeling', Atmosphere, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 646-78, DOI:10.3390/atmos11060646.
Gomes, M.C.R., Anjos, J.A.S.A. & Daltro, R.R. 2020, 'Multivariate statistical analysis applied to the evaluation of groundwater quality in the central-southern portion of the state of Bahia – Brazil', Revista Ambiente & Água, vol. 15, no. 1, e2408, DOI:10.4136/ambi-agua.2408.
Huang, Y., Dang, F., Li, M., Zhou, D., Song, Y. & Wang, J. 2020, 'Environmental and human health risks from metal exposures nearby a Pb-Zn-Ag mine, China', Science of The Total Environment, vol. 698, 134326, DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134326.
Ilyin, I., Rozovskaya, O., Sokovykh, V. & Travnikov, O. 2007, Atmospheric modelling of heavy metal pollution in Europe: Further development and evaluation of the MSCE-HM model, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre e East of EMEP, Moscow.
Kadowaki, M., Katata, G., Terada, H. & Nagai, H. 2017, 'Desenvolvimento do modelo Euleriano de transporte atmosférico GEARN-FDM: Validação contra o experimento europeu do traçador', Atmospheric Pollution Research, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 394-402.
Khan, S. & Hassan, Q. 2021, 'Review of developments in air quality modelling and air quality dispersion models', Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-10, DOI:10.1680/jenes.20.00004.
Layton, D. & Beamer, P. 2009, 'Migration of contaminated soil and airborne particulates to indoor dust', Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 21, pp. 8199-205, DOI:10.1021/es9003735.
Leadbetter, S.J., Andronopoulos, S., Bedwell, P., Chevalier-Jabet, K., Geertsema, G., Gering, F., Hamburger, T., Jones, A.R., Klein, H., Korsakissok, I., Mathieu, A., Pázmándi, T., Périllat, R., Rudas, C., Sogachev, A., Szántó, P., Tomas, J.M., Twenhöfel, C., Vries, H. & Wellings, J. 2020, 'Ranking uncertainties in atmospheric dispersion modelling following the accidental release of radioactive material', Radioprotection, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 51-5, DOI:10.1051/radiolpro/2020012.
Leelossy, A., Lagzi, I., Kovács, A. & Mészáros, R. 2018, 'A review of numerical models to predict the atmospheric dispersion of radionuclides', Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 182, pp. 20-33, DOI:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.009.
Leung, D.Y.C. 2015, 'Outdoor-indoor air pollution in urban environment: challenges and opportunity', Frontiers in Environmental Science, vol. 2, pp. 280-95, DOI:10.3389/fenvs.2014.00069.
Niisoe, T., Nakamura, E., Harada, K., Ishikawa, H., Hitomi, T., Watanabe, T., Wang, Z. & Koizumi, A. 2010, 'A global transport model of lead in the atmosphere', Atmospheric Environmental, vol. 44, no. 14, pp. 1806-14, DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.001.
Pant, P. & Harrison, R.M. 2013, 'Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: A review', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 77, pp. 78-97, DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.028.
Quan, J., Dou, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, Q, Sun, Z., Pan, Y., Jia, X., Cheng, Z., Ma, P., Su, J., Xin, J. & Liu, Y. 2020, 'Regional atmospheric pollutant transport mechanisms over the North China Plain driven by topography and planetary boundary layer processes', Atmospheric Environmental, vol. 221, 117098, DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117098.
Santos, N.L., Anjos, J.A.S.A. & Klammler, H. 2020, 'Exposição da Zona Urbana de Boquira, estado da Bahia, aos Metais Tóxicos Associados à Bacia de Rejeito de Mineração Abandonada', Anuário do Instituto de Geociências, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 280-91, DOI:10.11137/2020_3_280_291.
Seinfels, J.H. & Pandis, S.N. 2006, Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change, 2nd edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Teixeira, D.C.L., Moreira, F.V., Coelho, M.A., Amaral, F.Q. & Cupertino, M.C. 2020, 'Exposição a contaminantes ambientais inorgânicos e danos à saúde humana', Brazilian Journal of Health Review, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 10353-69, DOI:10.34119/bjhrv3n4-256.
Thouron, L., Seigneura, C., Kim, Y., Mahé, F., André, M., Lejri, D., Villegas, D., Bruge, B., Chanut, H. & Pellan, Y. 2018, 'Intercomparison of three modeling approaches for traffic-related road dust resuspension using two experimental data sets', Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 58, pp. 108-21, DOI:10.1016/j.trd.2017.11.003.
WHO World Health Organization 2016, World Health Organization ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease, World Health Organization, Geneva, viewed 4 February 2022, <https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/250141>.
WHO World Health Organization 2017, Recycling used lead-acid batteries: Health considerations, World Health Organization, Geneva, viewed 4 February 2022, <https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259447>.
WHO World Health Organization 2021, Guideline for clinical management of exposure to lead, World Health Organization, Geneva, viewed 4 February 2022, <https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240037045>.
Zhang, W., Hai, S., Zhao, Y., Sheng, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, W. & Li, W. 2021, 'Numerical modeling of regional transport of PM2.5 during a severe pollution event in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in November 2015', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 254, 118393, DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118393.
Downloads
Arquivos adicionais
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Os artigos publicados nesta revista se encontram sob a llicença Creative Commons — Atribuição 4.0 Internacional — CC BY 4.0, que permite o uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, contanto que o trabalho original seja devidamente citado.
Exceto onde indicado de outra forma, o conteúdo deste site é licenciado sob uma licença 