COMO AS ABELHAS PERCEBEM AS FLORES E POR QUE ISTO É IMPORTANTE?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2018.2204.03Keywords:
cognition, floral attractants, plant-pollinator interaction, pollinators, sensory systemsAbstract
A cognição animal pode ser definida como a capacidade apresentada por um organismo em adquirir, reter e posteriormente utilizar a informação sensorial na tomada de decisões, em diferentes contextos. A compreensão de como os sinais emitidos no ambiente interagem com os canais sensoriais dos animais capazes de percebê-los ajuda a desvendar o significado ecológico e evolutivo das interações entre os organismos. No contexto da polinização, a atração de visitantes à flor é atribuída a uma grande diversidade de sinais, principalmente os visuais e olfativos. Além de atuarem como atrativos, esses sinais também podem exibir funções relacionadas à comunicação da presença/ausência de recursos. Não obstante, outras modalidades sensoriais menos conhecidas, também desempenham papel relevante na interação entre flores e visitantes. A ideia central do presente trabalho é expor, através de exemplos relevantes da literatura, os principais sinais emitidos pelas flores e percebidos pelas abelhas, seja através do uso de uma única modalidade sensorial ou através de múltiplas modalidades. Independente da modalidade sensorial e da complexidade dos estímulos, estudos sobre as interações entre plantas e seus visitantes florais ganham maior entendimento das relações se consideramos os diferentes aspectos relacionados com o sinal que está sendo emitido, e a direcionalidade do mesmo, ou simplesmente a capacidade ou não de ser percebido. Quantificar os processos, suas causas e consequências reforça o entendimento de padrões evolutivos, ecológicos e comportamentais entre os organismos interagentes, tanto em relações puramente mutualistas quanto em relações antagonistas.
HOW DO BEES PERCEIVE FLOWERS AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT? Animal cognition can be defined as the ability of an organism to acquire, retain and subsequently use the sensory information during decision-making processes in different contexts. The understanding of how the signals emitted in the environment interact with the sensory system of animals capable of perceiving them helps to unravel the ecological and evolutionary significance of the interactions between organisms. In the context of pollination, the attraction of visitors to the flower is attributed to a great diversity of signals, especially visuals and olfactory. In addition to acting as attractants, they can also exhibit functions related to the communication of the presence/absence of resources. Nevertheless, other sensory modalities, also play a relevant role on the interaction between flowers and visitors. The central idea of the present study is to present, through relevant examples from the literature, the main signals emitted by the flowers and perceived by the bees, either by a single sensory modality or through multiple modalities. Regardless of the sensory modality and the complexity of the stimuli, studies of the interactions between plants and their floral visitors can be better understood and detailed if we consider the different aspects related to the signal being emitted and the directionality of the same, or simply the capacity or not to be perceived. Quantifying processes, their causes and consequences reinforce the understanding of evolutionary, ecological and behavioral patterns among interacting organisms, both in mutualistic and antagonistic relationships.
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