ECOLOGIA FILOGENÉTICA DE COMUNIDADES DE PEIXES DE RIACHO NEOTROPICAIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2021.2502.13Keywords:
community ecology, ichthyofauna, lotic systems, phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic signal.Abstract
A ictiofauna de riachos neotropicais possui uma história evolutiva complexa, sendo composta tanto por linhagens antigas quanto recentes. Apesar dos padrões de diversidade de espécies de peixes de riachos serem relativamente bem conhecidos, o mesmo não ocorre em relação aos padrões de distribuição de clados e os fatores históricos responsáveis por tais padrões, que estão no escopo da ecologia filogenética. Entender o contexto evolutivo das comunidades pode levar a importantes inferências sobre os mecanismos em larga escala de tempo que as estruturam. Esta revisão tem como objetivos: (i) discutir os principais conceitos da ecologia filogenética e sua aplicação em peixes de riachos neotropicais; e (ii) apresentar os principais métodos que podem ser aplicados neste contexto. A primeira seção inicia com uma apresentação das principais hipóteses filogenéticas propostas para peixes e discute brevemente como as lacunas relacionadas às espécies de riachos neotropicais influenciam o avanço da ecologia filogenética. Em seguida, abordamos os principais conceitos da ecologia filogenética (sinal filogenético, estrutura filogenética de comunidades, diversidade filogenética), bem como as lacunas e o potencial de aplicação destes conceitos e ferramentas para ampliar o conhecimento sobre as comunidades de peixes de riachos neotropicais. Na segunda seção, apresentamos os principais métodos que podem ser aplicados para o estudo da ecologia filogenética dentro desse contexto, incluindo um procedimento padronizado para obtenção e manipulação da árvore filogenética mais atual para peixes ósseos, métodos comparativos, medidas e análises para estrutura de comunidades, e medidas que podem ser aplicadas para a conservação de peixes de riacho Neotropicais. Por fim, discutimos as perspectivas para os próximos anos para a melhor compreensão da ecologia de comunidades sob uma perspectiva de processos históricos e atuais.
PHYLOGENETIC ECOLOGY OF NEOTROPICAL STREAM FISH ASSEMBLAGES: Neotropical stream fishes exhibit a complex evolutionary history and encompass both old and recent lineages. Patterns of species diversity of stream fishes are relatively well-studied for Neotropical streams, but not for patterns of clade distribution and historical factors that structure these assemblages, which are the main interests of phylogenetic ecology. Understanding the evolutionary context of communities provides important insights into large-scale mechanisms that structure them. This review aims to: (i) discuss the main concepts of phylogenetic ecology and its application to Neotropical stream fishes; and (ii) highlight the main methods applied in this background. The first section presents the main phylogenetic hypothesis of fishes and discusses how their gaps in Neotropical stream fishes hinder phylogenetic ecology. Afterward, we discuss the main concepts of phylogenetic ecology (phylogenetic signal, community phylogenetic structure, and phylogenetic diversity), as well as gaps and potential applications of these concepts and tools to understand Neotropical stream fish assemblages. The second section introduces the main methods to address the phylogenetic ecology, including a standardized procedure to edit fish phylogenetic trees, comparative methods, and indices and analytical tools to understand community structure and conservation importance. Finally, we discuss the perspectives to the next years to better understand the Neotropical stream fish assemblages in the light of past and current historical processes.References
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