REVISÃO DO DESENVOLVIMENTO DIRETO EM ANUROS: A EVOLUÇÃO DE UMA ESTRATÉGIA REPRODUTIVA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2022.2603.02Keywords:
Anfíbios, Evolução, Modos reprodutivosAbstract
Anfíbios são conhecidos por apresentar a maior diversidade reprodutiva dentre os tetrápodes. Dentre os modos reprodutivos, um dos mais especializados é o desenvolvimento direto dos ovos terrestres, caracterizado pela ausência da fase larval (girino) e do processo de metamorfose. A evolução dessa estratégia reprodutiva vem sendo bastante discutida e ainda merece destaque, principalmente por ajudar a esclarecer os mecanismos envolvidos na independência de ambientes aquáticos para a reprodução do grupo, bem como para os vertebrados em geral. Neste trabalho, através de uma revisão sistemática, investigamos 15 artigos, buscando identificar e esclarecer as principais hipóteses e forças seletivas ecológicas que guiaram a evolução do desenvolvimento direto em anfíbios anuros. Nossos resultados, apontam especialmente os fatores bióticos (ex: predação e a competição), seguidos pelos fatores abióticos (ex: condições ambientais e climáticas) como os principais promotores da diversificação reprodutiva e evolução do desenvolvimento direto em anuros. Poucos trabalhos de fato testaram essas hipóteses, sendo esses geralmente realizados em escalas espaciais reduzidas, com poucas linhagens ou considerando os fatores isolados. Assim, destacamos a importância de futuros trabalhos que testem efetivamente o papel dos potenciais promotores ecológicos do surgimento e da evolução do desenvolvimento direto em anuros, principalmente levando em consideração diferentes regiões, escalas espaciais maiores e um maior número de clados dentro do grupo.
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT IN ANURANS: THE EVOLUTION OF A REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY.Amphibians are known for having the greatest reproductive diversity among tetrapods. Among the reproductive modes, one of the most specialized is the direct development of terrestrial eggs, characterized by the absence of the larval phase (tadpole) and the metamorphosis. The evolution of this reproductive strategy has been widely discussed, and still deserves to be highlighted, mainly because it helps to clarify the mechanisms involved in the independence of the aquatic environments for the reproduction of the group, as well as for other vertebrates. In the present study, through a systematic review, we investigated 15 articles, seeking to identify and clarify the main ecological hypotheses and selective forces that guided the evolution of direct development in anuran amphibians. Our results, based in 15 studies, point especially to biotic factors (e.g. predation and competition), followed by abiotic factors (e.g. environmental and climatic conditions) as the main promoters of reproductive diversification and the evolution of direct development. Few studies have in fact evaluated these hypotheses, and these are generally carried out on reduced spatial scales, with few lineages or considering the factors in isolation. Therefore, we highlight the importance of future works that effectively test the role of potential ecological promoters of the arising and evolution of direct development in anurans, mainly considering different regions, larger spatial scales, and a greater number of clades within the group.
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