EFEITOS DA FRAGMENTAÇÃO DE HABITAT SOBRE FORMIGAS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) EM PAISAGENS URBANAS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2022.2604.02Keywords:
efeitos de borda, isolamento do fragmento, perda de habitat, tamanho do fragmento, urbanizaçãoAbstract
Uma das causas do declínio global da biodiversidade é a fragmentação de habitat. Com o aumento da urbanização é fundamental conhecer os efeitos da fragmentação em paisagens urbanas que são reconhecidamente importantes para a conservação da biodiversidade. Formigas além de serem abundantes, constituírem grande parte da biomassa animal e desempenharem diversos papéis ecológicos nos ecossistemas, são importantes bioindicadores. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar, através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, os efeitos da fragmentação sobre formigas em paisagens urbanas. Foram considerados tanto os artigos que avaliaram os efeitos das características dos fragmentos (escala da mancha) como os que avaliaram os efeitos dos processos de perda e fragmentação per se de habitat (escala da paisagem). Foram encontrados 14 artigos que forneceram 103 resultados na escala da mancha e 16 da paisagem. A maioria dos resultados indicam que diferentes características dos fragmentos não afetam as formigas, mas todos que encontraram efeito indicam que os efeitos de borda, isolamento e urbanização desfavorecem e o aumento do tamanho e do tempo de proteção do fragmento favorecem a conservação das formigas. Todos os resultados na escala da paisagem se referem aos efeitos da perda de habitat e 11 (69%) deles mostram que esse processo não afeta as formigas, mas quatro (31%) indicam que desfavorece. A ausência dos efeitos da fragmentação sobre as formigas pode ser devido aos estudos desconsiderarem que algumas características biológicas fazem que diferentes grupos de espécies respondam de maneira distinta. No entanto, mais de 40% dos resultados indicam algum efeito da fragmentação sobre as formigas, indicando a importância da mitigação desses efeitos para sua conservação em paisagens urbanas. Por fim, para se compreender os reais efeitos da fragmentação sobre as formigas em paisagens urbanas são necessários estudos com formigas arbóreas, realizados na escala da paisagem e em regiões tropicais.
One of the causes of the global decline in biodiversity is habitat fragmentation. With the increase of urbanization, it is essential to understand the effects of habitat fragmentation in urban landscapes which are recognizably important for biodiversity conservation. Ants, besides being abundant, constitute a large part of animal biomass and play different ecological roles, are important bioindicators. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate, through a systematic review, the effects of fragmentation on ants in urban landscapes. Manuscripts that evaluated the effects of fragment characteristics on ants (patch scale) and those that evaluated the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation per se (landscape scale) were considered. Fourteen manuscripts provided 103 results at patch scale and 16 on the landscape scale. Most of the results indicate that different fragment characteristics do not affect ants, but all results that found some effect indicated that edge effects, isolation and urbanization negatively affect ants and that increase in fragment size and protection time benefit ants. All results at the landscape scale refer to habitat loss effects and 11 (69%) did not find an effect on ants, but four (31%) indicate that this process jeopardize ants. The absence of fragmentation effects on ants might reflect the fact that studies ignored that some group of species with different biological characteristics respond differently to this process. However, more than 40% of the results show some fragmentation effects on ants, indicating the importance of mitigating these effects for their conservation in urban landscapes. Finally, to understand the real effects of fragmentation on ants at urban landscapes, studies with arboreal ants, conducted on the landscape scale and at tropical regions are still needed.
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