POTENTIAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS Micrurus WAGLER, 1824 (SERPENTES: ELAPIDAE) AND ANTIVENOM SUPPLY IN RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2019.2303.09Palavras-chave:
bioclimatic variables, coral snake, hospitals, niche modeling, snakebiteResumo
The coral snake genus Micrurus has non-aggressive behavior, being responsible for only 0.4% of the reports of snakebites in Brazil. However, although rare, accidents are potentially serious due to rapidly evolving respiratory paralysis. In the last few years, there was an abrupt reduction in the number of hospitals receiving antivenom support in Rio de Janeiro State, and currently the Health Ministry of Brazil distributes the antivenom only to 25 hospitals in 21 municipalities, even so with no data on specific serum provided by each hospital. This study aimed to determine the potential distribution of Micrurus species in Rio de Janeiro State in order to compare potential areas for risk of elapidic accidents with the localities assisted by hospitals with antivenom distribution. We performed ecological niche models to generate maps of potential distribution for all species through several niche algorithms. Based on these results we analyzed and discussed the consequences of this change in the number of hospitals receiving antivenom. Our results revealed the potential occurrence of the genus throughout the State territory and show a partially homogeneous distribution of health units, although the northern region represents an area with a deficiency in hospital coverage. According to our results and data from the Rio de Janeiro State Secretary of Health, it is highly desirable that at least some antivenom service centers in the regions “Metropolitana” and “Baixadas Litorâneas” receive antielapidic serum and that there be an increase in the number of units in “Norte Fluminense” and “Noroeste Fluminense” regions of Rio de Janeiro State.
Referências
Allouche, O., Tsoar, A., & Kadmon, R. 2006. Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS). Journal of applied ecology, 43(6), 1223–1232. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01214.x.
Barbaro, K. C. 2012. Antivenenos e imunodiagnóstico. Gazeta Médica da Bahia, 82(supl. 1), 97–105.
Bernarde, P. S. 2014. Serpentes peçonhentas e acidentes ofídicos no Brasil. São Paulo: Anolis Books: p. 223.
Bochner, R., Fiszon, J., & Machado, C. 2014. A profile of snake bites in Brazil, 2001 to 2012. Journal of Clinical Toxicology, 4(3), 194. DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000194
Brasil. 2001. Ministério da Saúde. Manual de diagnóstico e tratamento de acidentes por animais peçonhentos. 2nd ed. Brasília: Fundação Nacional de Saúde: p. 120.
Brasil. 2010. Ministério da Saúde. Portal da Anvisa. Brasília, DF. (Retrieved on September 08th, 2017, from http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/33880/2568070/res0017_16_04_2010.pdf/b9a8a293-f04c-45d1-ad4c-19e3e8bee9fa).
Brasil. 2014. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Diretoria Colegiada. Secretaria da Diretoria Colegiada. Ata da Reunião Ordinária Interna ROI 006/2014 de 25 de fevereiro de 2014. (Retrieved on September 10th, 2017, from http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/).
Brasil. 2015. Ministério da Saúde. Portal da Saúde. Brasília, DF. (Retrieved on June 10th, 2015, from http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br).
Brasil. 2017a. Ministério da Saúde. Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - Sinan Net. (Retrieved on January 12th, 2019, from http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?sinannet/cnv/animaisbr.def).
Brasil. 2017b. Seminário sobre Vigilância de Acidentes por Animais Peçonhentos. Niteroi: Unidade de Vigilância de Zoonoses. Ministério da Saúde.
Breiman, L. 2001. Random forests. Machine learning, 45(1), 5–32.
Busby, J. R. 1991. BIOCLIM – A bioclimate analysis and prediction system. In: C. R. Margules & M. P. Austin (Eds.), Nature Conservation: Cost Effective Biological Surveys and Data Analysis. CSIRO, Melbourne.
Campbell, J. A., & Lamar, W. W. 2004. The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2nd ed. New York: Cornell University Press: p. 870.
CEPERJ. 2017. Fundação Ceperj. Centro Estadual de Estatísticas, Pesquisas e Formação de Servidores Públicos do Rio de Janeiro. (Retrieved on August 20th, 2017, from http://www.ceperj.rj.gov.br/ceep/info_territorios/divis_regional.html).
D’Agostini, F. M., Chagas, F. B., & Beltrame, V. 2011. Epidemiologia dos acidentes por serpentes no município de Concórdia, SC no período de 2007 a 2010. Evidência, Joaçaba, 11(1), 51–60.
Drake, J. M., Randin, C., & Guisan, A. 2006. Modelling ecological niches with support vector machines. Journal of applied ecology, 43(3), 424–432. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01141.x.
Elith, J., & Burgman, M. 2002. Predictions and their validation: Rare plants in the Central Highlands, Victoria, Australia. In: J. M. Scott, P. J. Heglind, J. B. Haufler, M. Morrison, M. G. Raphael, W. B. Wall & F. Samson (Eds.), Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Accuracy and Scale. pp. 303–314. USA: Island Press.
Elith, J., Graham, C. H., Anderson, R. P., Dudı´k, M., Ferrier, S., Guisan, A., & et al. 2006. Novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions from occurrence data. Ecography, 29(2), 129–151. DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x.
ESRI. 2014. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.2.2. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.
Falling Rain Genomics. 2010. Global gazetteer.Version 2.2. Falling Rain Genomics Inc. (Retrieved on January 31th, 2014, from http://www.fallingrain.com/world/index.html).
Friedman, J. H. 2001. Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine. Annals of statistics, 29(5), 1189–1232. DOI: 10.1214/aos/1013203451.
Gonzalez, R. C., Silva-Soares, T., Castro, T. M., & Bérnils, R. S. 2014. Review of the geographic distribution of Micrurus decoratus (Jan, 1858) (Serpentes: Elapidae). Phyllomedusa, 13(1), 29–39. DOI: 10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v13i1p29-39.
Google. 2014. Google Earth. Versão 7.1. (Retrieved on July 01st, 2014, from https://www.google.com.br/intl/pt-BR/earth/).
Gutiérrez, J. M., Burnouf, T., Harrison, R. A., Calvete, J. J., Brown, N., Jensen, S. D., & et al. 2015. A Call for Incorporating Social Research in the Global Struggle against Snakebite. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(9), 1–4. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003960.
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., & Jarvis, A. 2005. Very high-resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25(15), 1965–1978. DOI: 10.1002/joc.1276.
Kasturiratne, A., Wickremasinghe, A. R., de Silva, N., Gunawardena, N. K., Pathmeswaran, A., Premaratna, R., & et al. 2008. The Global Burden of Snakebite: A Literature Analysis and Modelling Based on Regional Estimates of Envenoming and Deaths. PLoS Medicine, 5(11), e218. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050218
Kriticos, D. J., Webber, B. L., Leriche, A., Ota, N., Macadam, I., Bathols, J., & Scott, J. K. 2012. CliMond: global high resolution historical and future scenario climate surfaces for bioclimatic modeling. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3(1), 53–64. DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00134.x.
Lomonte, B., Rey-Suárez, P., Fernández, J., Sasa, M., Pla, D., Vargas, N., & et al. 2016. Venoms of Micrurus coral snakes: Evolutionary trends in compositional patterns emerging from proteomic analyses. Toxicon, 122(2016), 7–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.008.
Machado, C. 2016. Um panorama dos acidentes por animais peçonhentos no Brasil. Journal Health NPEPS, 1(1), 1–3.
Machado, C., Bochner, R., & Fiszon, J. T. 2012. Epidemiological profile of snakebites in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2001-2006. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, 18(2), 217–224. DOI: 10.1590/S1678-91992012000200012.
Marques, O. A. V., Almeida-Santos, S. M., & Rodrigues, M. G. 2006. Activity patterns in coral snakes, genus Micrurus (Elapidae) in south and southeastern Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology, 1(2), 114–120. DOI: 10.2994/1808-9798(2006)1[114:APICSG]2.0.CO;2.
Melgarejo, A. R. 2003. Serpentes peçonhentas do Brasil. In: J. L. C. Cardoso, F. O. S. França, F. H. Wen, M. S. Málaque & V. Haddad (Eds.), Animais peçonhentos no Brasil. Biologia, clínica e terapêutica dos acidentes. pp. 33–61. São Paulo: Sarvier, FAPESP.
Mota-da-Silva, A., Bernarde, P. S., & Abreu, L. C. 2015. Acidentes com animais peçonhentos no Brasil por sexo e idade. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 25(1), 54–62. DOI: 10.7322/JHGD.96768.
Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P., & Schapire, R. E. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190(3–4), 231–259. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026.
Pires, M. G., Silva Jr, N. J., Feitosa, D. T., Prudente, A. L. C., Pereira, G. A., & Zaher, H. 2014. A new species of triadal coral snake of the genus Micrurus Wagler, 1824 (Serpentes: Elapidae) from northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 3811(4), 569–584. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3811.4.8.
Puorto, G. 2012. Divulgação científica sobre animais peçonhentos no Brasil. Gazeta Médica da Bahia, 82(Supl. 1), 33–39.
Rio de Janeiro. 2017. Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. Instituto Vital Brazil. Pólos de atendimento. (Retrieved on April 30th, 2017, from http://www.vitalbrazil.rj.gov.br/polos.html).
Schölkopf, B., Platt, J. C., Shawe-Taylor, J., Smola, A.J., & Williamson, R. C. 2001. Estimating the support of a high-dimensional distribution. Neural Computation, 13(7), 1443–1471. DOI:10.1162/089976601750264965.
Silva Jr, N. J., & Bucaretchi, F. 2003. Mecanismo de ação do veneno elapídico e aspectos clínicos dos acidentes. In: J. L. C. Cardoso, F. O. S. França, F. H. Wen, M. S. Málaque & V. Haddad V (Eds.), Animais peçonhentos no Brasil. Biologia, clínica e terapêutica dos acidentes. pp. 99–107. São Paulo: Sarvier, FAPESP.
Silva Jr, N. J., Pires, M. G., & Feitosa, D. T. 2016. Diversidade das cobras-corais do Brasil. In: N. J. Silva Jr (Ed.), As cobras-corais do Brasil: biologia, taxonomia, venenos e envenenamentos. pp. 78–167. Goiânia: PUC Goiás.
SpeciesLink. 2014. Banco de dados do Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental, CRIA. (Retrieved on April 01st, 2014, from http://splink.cria.org.br).
SPSS Inc. 2008. SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 17.0.Chicago: SPSS Inc.
Tanaka, G. D., Furtado, M. F. D., Portaro, F. C. V., Sant’Anna, O. A., & Tambourgi, D. 2010. Diversity of Micrurus snake species related to their venom toxic effects and the prospective of antivenom neutralization. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 4(3), e622. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000622.
Tax, D. M. J., & Duin, R. P. W. 2004. Support vector data description. Machine Learning, 54(1), 45–66. DOI: 10.1023/B:MACH.0000008084.60811.49.
Terribile, L. C., Anacleto, T. C. S., Silva Jr, N. J., & Diniz Filho, J. A. F. 2007. Potential geographic distribution of the coralsnake Micrurus decoratus Jan 1858 (Serpentes, Elapidae) in the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 65(2), 217–223.
Uetz, P., & Hošek, J. 2018. The Reptile Database. (Retrieved on May 6th, 2018, from http://www.reptile-database.org).
Yañez-Arenas, C., Díaz-Gamboa, L., Patrón-Rivero, C., López-Reyes, K. & Chiappa-Carrara, X. 2018. Estimating geographic patterns of ophidism risk in Ecuador. Neotropical Biodiversity, 4(1), 55–61. DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2018.1454762.
