EECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELING OF TWO SEMI-AQUATIC SNAKES (SERPENTES: DIPSADIDAE) FROM THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST
Ecological niche modeling of two semi-aquatic snakes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2024.2802.03Palavras-chave:
Distribution gaps, Gomesophis, niche overlap, Ptychophis, snakes conservationResumo
We approached spatial ecology with ecological considerations for conservation of two snake species with resembling distributions along fragmented landscapes of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Gomesophis brasiliensis and Ptychophis flavovirgatus. Both are Neotropical snakes with allopatric groups, showing intriguing geographic distribution patterns with large gap areas amongst them. We aimed to predict the distribution pattern of both species and determine if their ecological niches overlap. To test the hypothesis of niche overlapping, in the Niche equivalency test (Net) and Similarity test (Bst), we evaluated the niche models for both species based on the georeferenced environmental layers (bioclimatic, geographic, and vegetation), and using the software Maxent v.3.3.3. The potential distribution of both species was similar with large sympatric areas, both in grassy landscapes of the Atlantic Forest, although G. brasiliensis is evenly distributed in southeastern and southern Brazil, while P. flavovirgatus is more concentrated in southern Brazil. Altitude and minimum temperature of the coldest month were the most important variables for both species in their distribution models. Similar and equivalent niches overlapping between species indicated a conservative niche for both species. The niches’ overlap may be explained by environmental influences along with phylogenetic inertia.
Referências
Aguirre-Gutiérrez, J., Serna-Chavez, H.M., Villalobos-Arambula, A.R., Perez de la Rosa, J. A., & Raes, N. 2015. Similar but not equivalent: ecological niche comparison across closely-related Mexican white pines. Diversity and Distributions, 21(3), 245–257. DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12268.
Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Gonçalves, J. L., & Sparovek, M.G. 2013. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteoroligsche Zeitschrift 22(6), 711–728. DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507
Araujo, M.B., Ferri-Yáñez, F., Bozinovic, F., Marquet, P.A.,Valladares, F., & Chown, S.L. 2013. Heat freezes niche evolution. Ecology Letters, 16(9), 1206–1219. DOI: 10.1111/ele.12155
Barreto-Lima A.F., & Simoncini, M. S. 2019. Forests and Brazilian reptiles: challenges for conservation. In: P. Eisenlohr (org.), Forest conservation: methods, management and challenges. pp. 67–110. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Batalha-Filho, H., & Miyaki, C.Y. 2011. Phylogeography of the Atlantic Forest. Revista da Biologia 7(1), 31–34. DOI: 10.7594/revbio.07.06
Bini, L. M., Diniz‐Filho, J. A. F., Rangel, T. F., Bastos, R. P., & Pinto, M. P. 2006. Challenging Wallacean and Linnean shortfalls: knowledge gradients and conservation planning in a biodiversity hotspot. Diversity and distributions 12(5), 475–482. DOI: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00286.x
Bland, L. M. & Böhm, M. 2016. Overcoming data deficiency in reptiles. Biological Conservation 204(1), 16–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.018
Böhm, M., Collen, B., Baillie, J. E., Bowles, P., Chanson, J., Cox, N., et al. 2013. The conservation status of the world’s reptiles. Biological Conservation 157, 372–385. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.015
Brazil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. 2022. Portaria GM/MMA nº 300, de 13 de Dezembro de 2022. Lista Nacional de Espécies Ameaçadas de Extinção. Diário Oficial da União 234, 1–90.
Carnaval, A.C., & Moritz, C. 2008. Historical climate modelling predicts patterns of current biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Journal of Biogeography 35(7), 1187–1201. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01870.x
Chen, I., Hill, J.K., Ohlemüller, R., Roy, D.B. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming. Science, 333 (6045), 1024–1026. DOI: 10.1126/science.1206432
Costa, H.C., Rezende, D.T., Molina, F.B., Nascimento, L.B., Leite, F.S.F., & Fernandes, A.P.B. 2015. New distribution records and potentially suitable areas for the threatened Snake-Necked Turtle Hydromedusa maximiliani (Testudines: Chelidae). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 14(1), 88–94. DOI: 10.2744/ccab-14-01-88-94.1
Cox, N., Young, B.E., Bowles, P. et al. 2022. A global reptile assessment highlights shared conservation needs of tetrapods. Nature 605(2022), 285–290. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04664-7
Dehnen, E. 2023. Juridifying Bolsonaro’s mass deforestation policies in Brazil through the International Criminal Court: Chances and Challenges. Staat, Recht und Politik Forschungs und Diskussionspapiere, 14(1), 1–15. DOI: 10.25932/publishup-58174
Driscoll, D.A. 2004. Extinction and outbreaks accompany fragmentation of a reptile community. Ecological Applications 14(1), 220–240. DOI: 10.1890/02-5248
Elith, J., Phillips, S.J., Hastie, T., Dudik, M., Chee, Y.E., & Yates, C.J. 2011. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions 17(1), 43–57. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x
Fortes, V.B., Lucas, E.M., & Caldart. V.M. 2010. Reptilia, Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Gomesophis brasiliensis (Gomes, 1918): distribution extension in state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Check List 6(3), 414–415. DOI: 10.15560/6.3.414
Franco, F.L. 2012. A Coleção Herpetológica do Instituto Butantan: da sua origem ao incêndio ocorrido em 15 de maio de 2010. Herpetologia Brasileira 1(1), 22–31.
Franco, F.L., Germano, V.J. & Martão, L.R. 2005. Notas sobre o lectótipo de Bothrops cotiara (Gomes, 1913) (Serpentes, Viperidae). Phyllomedusa 4(1), 75–78. DOI: 10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v4i1p75-78
Franco, F.L., Marques, O.A.V., Puorto, G. 1997. Two new species of colubrid snakes of the genus Clelia from Brazil. Journal of Herpetology 31(4), 483–490. DOI: 10.2307/1565599
Franklin, J. 2010. Mapping species distributions - spatial inference and prediction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 320. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511810602.
Ghizoni-Jr., I.R., Kunz, T.S., Cherem, J.J. & Bérnils, R.S. 2009. Registros notáveis de répteis de áreas abertas naturais do planalto e litoral do Estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Biotemas 22(3), 129–141.
Gibbons, J.W., Scott, D.E., Ryan, T.J., Buhlmann, K.A., Tuberville, T.D., Metts, B.S., et al. 2000. The global decline of reptiles, déjà vu amphibians: reptile species are declining on a global scale. BioScience 50(8), 653–666. DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0653:TGDORD]2.0.CO;2
Gonzalez, R.C., Prudente, A.L.C & Franco, F.L. 2014. Morphological variation and distribution of Gomesophis brasiliensis Hoge and Mertens, 1959 and Ptychophis flavovirgatus Gomes, 1915 (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae). Salamandra 50(2), 85–98.
Graham, C.H., Ron, S.R., Santos, J.C., Schneider, C.J., & Moritz, C. 2004. Integrating phylogenetics and environmental niche models to explore speciation mechanisms in dendrobatid frogs. Evolution 58(8), 1781–1793. DOI: 10.1554/03-274
Grazziotin, F.G., Zaher, H., Murphy, R.W., Scrocchi, G., Benavides, M.A., Zhang, Y., & Bonatto, S.L. 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the new world Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. Cladistics 28(5), 1–23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x
Hawkins, B.A. 2004. Invited views in basic and applied ecology: Are we making progress toward understanding the global diversity gradient? Basic and Applied Ecology 5(1), 13. DOI: 10.1078/1439-1791-00214
Horváth, Z., Ptacnik, R., Vad, C.F., & Chase, J. M. 2019. Habitat loss over six decades accelerates regional and local biodiversity loss via changing landscape connectance. Ecology Letters 22(6), 1019–1027. DOI: 10.1111/ele.13260
Huete, A., Didan, K., Miura, T., Rodriguez, E. P., Gao, X., Ferreira, L.G. 2002. Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sensins of Environment 83(1–2), 195–213. DOI: 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00096-2
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) 2023. IBGE Cidades. Retrieved on 9th June 2023, from https://cidades.ibge.gov.br
ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade). 2018. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção, v. 4: Répteis. Brasília: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade: p. 252.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2022. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Retrieved on 18th May 2023, from https://www.iucnredlist.org
Jellinek, S., Driscolll, D.A., & Kirkpatrick, J. B. 2004. Environmental and vegetation variables have a greater influence than habitat fragmentation in structuring lizard communities in remnant urban bushland. Austral Ecology 29(3), 294–304. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01366.x
Johnson, M.T.J., Stinchcombe, J. R. 2007. An emerging synthesis between community ecology and evolutionary biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22(5), 250–257. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.01.014
Kunz, T.S., Ghizoni-Jr., I.R., Giasson, L.O.M. 2011. Novos registros de répteis para as áreas abertas naturais do planalto e do litoral sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Biotemas 24(3), 59–68.
Kurt Menke, G.I.S.P., Smith Jr, R., Pirelli, L., & John Van Hoesen, G.I.S.P. 2016. Mastering QGIS. 2nd Edition. Mumbai: Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 486.
Lema, T. 1967. Novo gênero e espécie de serpente opistoglifodonte do Brasil meridional (“Colubridae”, “Colubrinae”). Iheringia 35(1), 61–67.
Lema, T. 2002. Os répteis do Rio Grande do Sul: atuais e fósseis, biogeografia, ofidismo. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS: p. 162.
Lema, T., Deiques, C.H. 1992. Contribuição ao conhecimento da “Cobra Espada D’água”, Ptychophis flavovirgatus Gomes, 1915 (Serpentes, Colubridae, Xenodontinae, Tachymenini). Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS 5(6), 55–83.
Lisle, R. J. 2006. Google Earth: a new geological resource. Geology Today 22(1), 29–32.
Lomolino, M.V. 2004. Conservation biogeography. In M.V. Lomolino & L.R. Heaney (Eds.), Frontiers of Biogeography: new directions in the geography of nature. pp. 293–296. Sunderland: SinauerAssociates.
Marques, O.A.V., A. Eterovic, Sazima, I. 2001. Serpentes da Mata Atlântica – guia ilustrado para a Serra do Mar. Ribeirão Preto: Holos Editora: p. 184.
Marques, O.A.V., Eterovic, A., & Sazima, I. 2004. Snakes of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: an illustrated field guide for the Serra do Mar range. Ribeirão Preto: Holos Editora: p. 206.
Marques, O.A.V., Nogueira, C., Martins, M., & Sawaya, R.J. 2010. Impactos potenciais das mudanças propostas no Código Florestal Brasileiro sobre os répteis brasileiros. Biota Neotropica 10(4), 39–42. DOI: 10.1590/S1676-06032010000400004
Marques, O.A.V., Nogueira, C., Sawaya, R.J., Bérnils, R.S., Martins, M., Molina, F., Ferrarezzi, H., Franco, F.L., Germano, V. J. 2009. Répteis. In P.M. Bressan, M.C.M. Kierulff & A.M. Sugieda (Orgs.), Livro vermelho da fauna ameaçada de extinção do Estado de São Paulo. pp. 285–327. São Paulo: Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente.
Menezes, F.A., Fiorillo, B.F., Franco, F.L., & Feio, R.N. 2017. Repertoire of antipredator displays in the poorly known Atlantic forest snake, Gomesophis brasiliensis (Gomes, 1918). Herpetology Notes 10(2017), 245–247.
Miranda, E.A., Carvalho, A.F., Andrade-Silva, A.C.R., Silva, C.I., & Del Lama, M.A. 2015. Natural history and biogeography of Partamona rustica, an endemic bee in dry forests of Brazil. Insectes Sociaux, 62 (2015), 255–263. DOI: 10.1007/s00040-015-0400-z
Morato, S.A.A., Franco, F.L., & Sanches, E.J. 2003. Uma nova espécie de Clelia (Serpentes, Colubridae) do sul do Brasil. Phyllomedusa 2(2), 93–100. DOI: 10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v2i2p93-100
Morato, S.A.A., Moura-Leite, J.C., Prudente, A.L. C., Bérnils, R.S. 1995. A new species of Pseudoboa Schneider, 1801 from southeastern Brazil (Serpentes: Colubridae: Xenodontinae: Pseudoboini). Biociências 3(2), 253–264.
Moura, M.R., Costa, H.C., Peixoto, M.A., Carvalho, A.L., Santana, D.J. & Vasconcelos, H.L. 2018. Geographical and socioeconomic determinants of species discovery trends in a biodiversity hotspot. Biological Conservation 220(2018), 237–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.024
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Fonseca, G.A., & Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(2000), 853–858. DOI: 10.1038/35002501
Nogueira C.C., Argôlo A.J.S., Arzamendia V., Azevedo J.A., Barbo F.E., Bérnils R.S., et al. 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: Verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American Journal of Herpetology 14(sp1), 1–274. DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-19-00120.1
Oliveira, U., Paglia, A.P., Brescovit, A.D., de Carvalho, C.J.B., Silva, D.P., Rezende, D.T., et al. 2016. The strong influence of collection bias on biodiversity knowledge shortfalls of Brazilian terrestrial biodiversity. Diversity and Distributions 22(12), 1–13. DOI 10.1111/ddi.12489
Peterson, A. T., Soberon, J., & Sanchez-Cordero, V. 1999. Conservatism of ecological niches in evolutionary time. Science 285(5431), 1265–1267. DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5431.1265
Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R.P., & Schapire, R.E. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling 190(3–4), 231–259. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026
Porto, M., & Caramaschi, U. 1988. Notes on the taxonomic status, Biology, and distribution of Ptychophis flavovirgatus Gomes, 1915 (Ophidia, Colubridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 60, 471–475.
Prudente, A.L.C., & Brandão, R.A. 1998. Geographic Distribution. Gomesophis brasiliensis. Herpetological Review 29, 112.
Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., & Wiens, J.J. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-93
Resende, H.C., Yotoko, K.S.C., Delabie, J.H.C., Costa, M.A., Campiolo, S., Tavares, M.G., Campos, L.A. O. & Fernandes-Salomão, T.M. 2010. Pliocene and Pleistocene events shaping the genetic diversity within the central corridor of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 101(4), 949–960. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01534.x
Ribeiro, M.C., Martensen, A.C., Metzger, J.P., Tabarelli, M., Scarano, F., & Fortin, M. J. 2011. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a shrinking biodiversity hotspot. In F.E. Zachos, & J.C., Habel (Eds.), Biodiversity hotspots. pp. 405–434. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_21
Ribeiro, M.C., Metzger, J.P., Martensen, A.C., Ponzoni, F.J., & Hirota, M.M. 2009. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: How much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 142(6), 1141–1153. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.021
Sabaj, M.H. 2020. Codes for natural history collections in ichthyology and herpetology. Copeia 108(3), 593–669. DOI: 10.1643/ASIHCODONS2020
Silveira, A.L., Prudente, A.L.C., Argôlo, A.J.S., Abrahão, C.R., Nogueira, C., Strüssmann, et al. 2019a. Gomesophis brasiliensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T96105905A123740860. Retrieved on 18th May 2023, from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T96105905A123740860.en.
Silveira, A.L., Prudente, A.L.C., Argôlo, A.J.S., Abrahão, C.R., Nogueira, C., Strüssmann, et al. 2019a. Ptychophis flavovirgatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T15182432A123737562. Retrieved on 18th May 2023, from https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T15182432A123737562.en
Silvertown, J., McConway, K., Gowing, D., Dodd, M., Fay, M.F., Joseph, J. A., & Dolphin, K. 2006. Absence of phylogenetic signal in the niche structure of meadow plant communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 273, 39–44. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3288
Singh, J.S. 2002. The biodiversity crisis: a multifaceted review. Current Science 82(6), 638–647.
Schoener, T.W. 1968. Anolis lizards of Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex fauna. Ecology 49(4), 704–726. DOI: 10.2307/1935534
Tabarelli, M., Pinto, L. P., Silva, J.M.C., Hirota, M.M., & Bedê, L.C. 2005. Desafios e oportunidades para a conservação da biodiversidade na Mata Atlântica brasileira. Megadiversidade 1(1), 132–138.
Tashima, A.K., Sanz, L., Camargo, A.C.M., Serrano, S.M.T., & Calvete, J.J. 2008. Snake venomics of the Brazilian pitvipers Bothrops cotiara and Bothrops fonsecai. Identification of taxonomy markers. Journal of Proteomics 71(4), 473–485. DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.07.007
Thomas, C.D., Cameron, A., Green, R.E., Bakkenes, M., Beaumont, L.J., Collingham, et al. 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature, 427(2004), 145–148. DOI: 10.1038/nature02121
Thomas, R.A., Bérnils, R.S., Moura-Leite, J.C., & Morato, S.A.A. 2006. Redescription of Ditaxodon taeniatus (Hensel, 1868) (Serpentes, Colubridae, Xenodontinae): variation, relationships, and distribution. South American Journal of Herpetology 1(2), 94–101. DOI: 10.2994/1808-9798(2006)1[94:RODTHS]2.0.CO;2
Trevine, V.C., Grazziotin, F.G., Giraudo, A., Sallaberry-Pincheira, N., Vianna, J.A., & Zaher, H. 2022. The systematics of Tachymenini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae): An updated classification based on molecular and morphological evidence. Zoologica Scripta, 51(6), 643–663. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12565
Vanzolini, P.E., & Williams, E.E. 1970. South American anoles: the geographic differentiation and evolution of the Anolis chrysolepis species group (Sauria: Iguanidae). Arquivos de Zoologia 19(1–2), 1–298. DOI: 10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v19i1-2p1-176
Wallach, V., Williams, K.L., & Boundy, J. 2014. Snakes of the world. A catalogue of living and extinct species. Boca Raton: CRC Press: p. 1237. DOI: 10.1201/b16901
Warren, D.L., Glor, R.E., & Turelli, M. 2008. Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution 62(11), 2868–2883. DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00482.x
Webb, C.O., Ackerly, D.D., McPeek, M.A., Donoghue, M.J. 2002. Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33(2002), 475–505. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448
Whittaker, R.J., Araújo, M.B., Paul, J., Ladle, R.J., Watson, J.E.M., & Willis, K.J. 2005. Conservation biogeography: assessment and prospect. Diversity and Distributions, 11(1), 3–23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00143.x
Zaher, H., Barbo, F.E., Martínez, P.S., Nogueira, C., Rodrigues, M.T., & Sawaya, R.J. 2011. Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica 11, 1–15. DOI: 10.1590/S1676-06032011000500005
Zaher, H., Grazziotin, F.G., Cadle, J.E., Murphy, R.W., Moura-Leite, J.C., & Bonatto, S.L. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49, 115–153. DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492009001100001
Zaher, H., Murphy, R.W., Arredondo, J.C., Graboski, R., Machado-Filho, P.R., Mahlow, K., et al. 2019. Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced Caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes). PloS One 14(5), e0216148. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217959
Zank, C., Becker, F.G., Abadie, M., Baldo, D., Maneyro, R., & Borges-Martins, M. 2014. Climate change and the distribution of neotropical red-bellied toads (Melanophryniscus, Anura, Amphibia): how to prioritize species and populations? PloS One 9, e94625. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094625
