Optimization of Green Synthesis and Cationic Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Oil Removal: An Experimental Design and Statistical Inference Study

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55747/bjedis.v4i2.70257

Keywords:

Design of experiments; Plackett–Burman; multivariate analysis; magnetic nanoparticles; green synthesis; CTAB; TOG; Jar Test; remediation

Abstract

Crude oil drives the global economy but also represents one of the most serious environmental threats when it reaches aquatic ecosystems, causing severe and persistent damage. Traditional decontamination methods remain limited in efficiency, cost, and operational time, highlighting the need for more sustainable and effective alternatives. In this context, nanotechnology emerges as a strategic tool for hydrocarbon mitigation, with magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) standing out for their ability to adsorb organic compounds and be magnetically recovered through external magnetic fields. This study proposes an innovative and eco-friendly approach: the green synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles using the extract of banana peel from the Prata cultivar (Musa spp.), an abundant and low-cost agroindustrial residue, followed by cationic modification with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to enhance petroleum removal efficiency. A Plackett–Burman experimental design was applied to optimize synthesis parameters, and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDS, and magnetic force measurements. The results showed that the green route, combined with cationic modification, produced nanoparticles with smaller crystallite size, high colloidal stability, strong magnetic responsiveness, and an oil removal efficiency exceeding 90% in less than 20 minutes. In conclusion, green synthesis coupled with CTAB functionalization offers a sustainable, economical, and high-performance alternative for the treatment of oily wastewater, converting agricultural waste into high-value materials and contributing to environmental remediation.

 

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Author Biographies

Luis Edgado Escobar Recalde, Estudante do PENt

Physicist Engineer graduated from the National University of Engineering (2021) and Master in Nanotechnology Engineering from PENt/COPPE/UFRJ (2025). Works in the areas of environmental nanotechnology and materials engineering, with experience in green synthesis, nanoparticle characterization, and remediation of oily wastewater.

Fernando Gomes de Souza , Nanotechnology Engineering Program, COPPE, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Professor and researcher in materials science. Graduated in Chemistry (UFES, 1999), holds a Master’s degree in Materials Engineering and Science (UENF, 2002) and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Technology (UFRJ, 2006). Completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Chemical Engineering at COPPE/UFRJ (2008). Currently, he is a Full Professor at UFRJ (since 2024) and a Visiting Professor at Florida International University (USA).

Sergio Thode Filho, 3Environmental Monitoring Center, Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Brasil

Postdoctoral researcher in Natural Resources and Environmental Protection (PPGCTIA/UFRRJ – UNRC, Argentina). Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences (Ecotoxicology and Environmental Impact Assessment) from UERJ. Holds a Master’s degree in Integrated Management Systems (Environment, Quality, Health, and Occupational Safety) and an MBA in Quality Engineering from UFF. Specialist in Occupational Health and Safety and in Food Safety (FAMEESP). Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration (FBC) and licensed in Biological Sciences (UNIFRAN).

Elizabete Fernandes Lucas, Professor Eloisa Mano Institute of Macromolecules, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Dicent at Professor Eloisa Mano Institute of Macromolecules, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 

Rita de Cassia Pessanha Nunes, Professor Eloisa Mano Institute of Macromolecules, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Docent at Professor Eloisa Mano Institute of Macromolecules, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

Daniele Silvéria Brandão, Nanotechnology Engineering Program, COPPE, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Ressearcher at Nanotechnology Engineering Program, COPPE, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .

Gabriel Bezerra Silva, Professor Eloisa Mano Institute of Macromolecules, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Researcher at Professor Eloisa Mano Institute of Macromolecules, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

Paulo Cristiano Silva da Rocha, Professor Eloisa Mano Institute of Macromolecules, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Researcher at Professor Eloisa Mano Institute of Macromolecules, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

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2025-12-29

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