FOUR CHALLENGES OF LONG-TERM SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN BRAZIL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2020.2402.04Palavras-chave:
LTER, LTSER, PELD, ILTER, Socio-ecological systems, GovernanceResumo
Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) aims to monitor natural ecological processes that operate over longer time periods than are typically permitted by standard research grants (e.g. species life cycles, natural resource dynamics, and the ecological effects of climate changes). Despite the enormous success of LTER, many of the initial projects largely overlooked the consequences of their study sites being embedded in wider socio-ecological systems. This potential shortcoming led to the development of Long Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER), a logical extension of LTER that seeks to fully integrate the human dimension into long term environmental monitoring. LTSER sites have now been successfully established in many countries, although such an approach is still incipient in Brazil´s program of LTER (known by the acronym PELD in Portuguese). The PELD APA Costa de Corais is one of Brazil’s newest PELD sites, and intentionally incorporated a strong socio-ecological focus into its design and implementation. In this brief perspective we draw on our experiences of creating a LTSER, identifying four key challenges that need to be overcome to ensure successful implementation.
Referências
Anderson, C. B., Likens, G. E., Rozzi, R., Gutiérrez, J. R., Armesto, J. J., & Poole, A. 2008. Integrating Science and Society through Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research. Environmental Ethics, 30(3), 295–312. DOI: 10.5840/enviroethics200830334
Beyerl, K., Putz, O., & Breckwoldt, A. 2016. The Role of Perceptions for Community-Based Marine Resource Management. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3(November). DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00238
Borrini-Feyerabend, G., & Hill, R. 2015. Governance for the conservation of nature. In: G. L. Worboys, M. Lockwood, and A. Kothari (Eds.) (2015). Governance and Management of Protected Areas. pp. 169–206. ANU Press, Canberra.
Campos-Silva, J. V., & Peres, C. A. 2016. Community-based management induces rapid recovery of a high-value tropical freshwater fishery. Scientific Reports, 6, 1–13. DOI: 10.1038/srep34745
Cheruvelil, K. S., Soranno, P. A., Weathers, K. C., Hanson, P. C., Goring, S. J., Filstrup, C. T., & Read, E. K. 2014. Creating and maintaining high‐performing collaborative research teams: the importance of diversity and interpersonal skills. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(1), 31–38. DOI: 10.1890/130001
Collins, S. L., Carpenter, S. R., Swinton, S. M., Orenstein, D. E., Childers, D. L., Gragson, T. L., Grimm, N. B., Grove, J. M., Harlan, S. L., & Kaye, J. P. 2011. An integrated conceptual framework for long‐term social–ecological research. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(6), 351–357.
Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Braat, L., Kubiszewski, I., Fioramonti, L., Sutton, P., Farber, S., & Grasso, M. 2017. Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosystem Services, 28, 1–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.008
Diegues, A. C. S. 1983. Pescadores, camponeses e trabalhadores do mar. Ed. Ática, Série Ensaios, São Paulo, n° 94, p. 287.
Donoso, P. J., & Zavaleta, J. C. 2014. Preliminary proposal to incorporate new sites for long-term socio-ecological research into the chilean ltser network. Bosque, 35(3), 459–465. DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002014000300021
Goudie, A. S. 2017. The integration of Human and Physical Geography revisited. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 61(1), 19–27.
Groot, R. S. de, Matthew A Wilson, & Roelof M.J Boumans. 2002. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41(3), 393–408.
Gutiérrez, N. L., Hilborn, R., & Defeo, O. 2011. Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries. Nature, 470(7334), 386–389. DOI: 10.1038/nature09689
Haase, P., Tonkin, J. D., Stoll, S., Burkhard, B., Frenzel, M., Geijzendorffer, I. R., Häuser, C., Klotz, S., Kühn, I., McDowell, W. H., Mirtl, M., Müller, F., Musche, M., Penner, J., Zacharias, S., & Schmeller, D. S. 2018. The next generation of site-based long-term ecological monitoring: Linking essential biodiversity variables and ecosystem integrity. Science of The Total Environment, 613–614, 1376–1384. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.111
Haberl, H., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Winiwarter, V., Andersson, K., Ayres, R. U., Boone, C., Castillo, A., Cunfer, G., Freudenburg, W. R., Furman, E., Kaufmann, R., Krausmann, F., Langthaler, E., Lotze-Campen, H., Mirtl, M., Redman, C. L., Reenberg, A., Wardell, A., Warr, B., & Zechmeister, H. 2006. From LTER to LTSER: Conceptualizing the socioeconomic dimension of long-term socioecological research. Ecology and Society, 11(2), 1–13. DOI: 10.5751/ES-01786-110213
Harte, J. 2007. Human population as a dynamic factor in environmental degradation. Population and Environment, 28(4–5), 223–236. DOI: 10.1007/s11111-007-0048-3
Hobbie, J. E., Carpenter, S. R., Grimm, N. B., Gosz, J. R., & Seastedt, T. R. 2006. The US Long Term Ecological Research Program. BioScience, 53(1), 21–32. DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0021:tulter]2.0.co;2
Leverington, F., Hockings, M., Pavese, H., Costa, K. L., & Courrau, J. 2008. Management Effectiveness Evaluation in Protected Areas: A Global Study: Overview of Approaches and Methodologies. Gatton: WWF and IUCN: p. 189.
Lockwood, M. 2010. Good governance for terrestrial protected areas: A framework, principles and performance outcomes. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(3), 754–766. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.10.005
Lockwood, M., Davidson, J., Curtis, A., Stratford, E., & Griffith, R. 2010. Governance Principles for Natural Resource Management. Society & Natural Resources, 23(10), 986–1001. DOI: 10.1080/08941920802178214
Lucero, J., Wallerstein, N., Duran, B., Alegria, M., Greene-Moton, E., Israel, B., Kastelic, S., Magarati, M., Oetzel, J., Pearson, C., Schulz, A., Villegas, M., & White Hat, E. R. 2018. Development of a Mixed Methods Investigation of Process and Outcomes of Community-Based Participatory Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 12(1), 55–74. DOI: 10.1177/1558689816633309
MEA. 2005. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment: ecosystems and human well-being. J. Sarukhán & A. Whyte (Eds.), Washington, DC: Island Press: p. 155.
National Science Foundation. 2019. About the LTER network. (Retrieved on July 30th, 2019, from https://lternet.edu/about/).
Pennino, M. G., Rufener, M., Thomé-Souza, M. J. F., Carvalho, A. R., Lopes, P. F. M., & Sumaila, U. R. 2018. Searching for a compromise between biological and economic demands to protect vulnerable habitats. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 7791. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26130-z
Redpath, S. M., Young, J., Evely, A., Adams, W. M., Sutherland, W. J., Whitehouse, A., Amar, A., Lambert, R. A., Linnell, J. D. C., Watt, A., & Gutiérrez, R. J. 2013. Understanding and managing conservation conflicts. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28(2), 100–109. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.08.021
Retka, J., Jepson, P., Ladle, R. J., Malhado, A. C. M., Vieira, F. A. S., Normande, I. C., Souza, C. N., Bragagnolo, C., & Correia, R. A. 2019. Assessing cultural ecosystem services of a large marine protected area through social media photographs. Ocean & Coastal Management, 176, 40–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.04.018
Stokols, D., Misra, S., Moser, R. P., Hall, K. L., & Taylor, B. K. 2008. The ecology of team science: understanding contextual influences on transdisciplinary collaboration. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(2), S96–S115.
Toledo, V. M., & Barrera-Bassols, N. 2009. Ethnoecology: A Post-Normal Science Studying the Traditional Knowledge and Wisdom. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, (20), 31–45. DOI: 20103031364
Turner, B. L., Kasperson, R. E., Meyer, W. B., Dow, K. M., Golding, D., Kasperson, J. X., Mitchell, R. C., & Ratick, S. J. 1990. Two types of global environmental change. Definitional and spatial-scale issues in their human dimensions. Global Environmental Change, 1(1), 14–22. DOI: 10.1016/0959-3780(90)90004-S
Vieira, F. A. S., Bragagnolo, C., Correia, R. A., Malhado, A. C. M., & Ladle, R. J. 2018. A salience index for integrating multiple user perspectives in cultural ecosystem service assessments. Ecosystem Services, 32, 182–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.07.009
Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J., & Melillo, J. M. 1997. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science, 277(5325), 494–499.
Whitfield, J. 2008. What makes a successful team? Nature, 455, 720–723.
WWF-Brasil, & ICMBio. 2012. Efetividade de Gestão das unidades de conservação federais. p. 137. Brasília.
